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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
this is the study of microscopic organisms?
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microbiology
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what are the subdivisions of microbiology?
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Bacteriology,mycoloy.virology and parasitology
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this man was a expert in lens grinding and optics and first reported animalcules?
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
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this appeared to occur primarily in decaying materr?
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spontaneous generation
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Aristotle could arise from this?
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spontaneous generation
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What view was changed by Francessco Redi? and perforemed what experiment?
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Spontaneous generation and with rotting meat
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What 1745 English clergyman ?proposed what term?
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-John Needham
-experiment |
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John Needham did what experiment?
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heating and sealing of meat broth in vessel, finding microorganisms
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who modified needhams experiment?
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-lazzaro spallanzani
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who performed the first vaccination against smallpoxs?
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Edward Jenner
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when did Jenner publish his vaccination?
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1798
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who made proof of microbes are reproduced from parent organisms and proved spontaneous generation was false?
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Louis Pateur
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what is the showing that life comes from life?
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biogenesis
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who developed germ theory of fermentaion?
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Louis Pateur
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what is it called when you kill bacteria in milk,beer, and wine by heating?
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pasteurization
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this is when microorganisms called bacteria are responsible for causing specific diseases in both human and animals?
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germ theory of disease
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these are weakened or inactive forms of the pathogen that are incapable of causing disease
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attenuated pathogens
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this is when you inject into an uninfected person, it allows the person to develope what?
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immunity
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this man set precedent for the development of sound and the study of microorganisms?
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louis pasteur
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this man discovered the means of preventing puerperal fever?
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ignaz semmelweis
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this man insisted that people wash there hands in chrolorinated solution?
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ignaz semmelweiz
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this man died of blood poisoning?
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ignaz semmelweiz
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this man in 1866 introduced carbolic acid as an antiseptic?
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joseph lister
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This man proved his principle of antisepsis?
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joesph lister
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who came up with koch's postulates?
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robert koch
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this man used postulate to uncover the bacteria that caused anthrax,tuberculosis,cholera, diptheria and typhoid?
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robert koch
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this man discovered that mosquitoes carry the yellow fever?
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Major Walter Reed
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first volunteer patient to be infected by mosquito bite?
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Private John Kissinger
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this man developed the cure for syphillis?
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Paul Ehrlich
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what did Paul Ehrlich administer to cure syphillis?
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arsenic called salvarsan
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the use of selectiely toxic drugs to treat disease?
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chemotherapy
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this man accidentally discovered Pencillin?
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Alexander Fleming
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these two developed a polio vaccine for polio?
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Jonas salk and albert Sabinthese
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these two discovered the hiv virus?
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luc montagnier and robert gallo
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these have two sets of lenses and can view eukaryotic cells and most bacteria?
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compound microscopes
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this microscope has a light sorce from below and the background is light?
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brightfield
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this microscope is used for fluorescent imaging and the background is dark?
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darkfield
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this type of microscope is used for dead cells and can view subcellular?
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electron microscopes
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scanning electon microscope magnifies at what_x+ and what_kind of images?
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250,3d
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transmission electron microscope manifies at what_x+ and what_kind of images?
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250,2d
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What are the two sets of lenses? and what x do they run to?
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-ocular-10x
-objective-3-5 lenses,4x,10x,40x,100x |
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total magnification=
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ocular x objective
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what lens sit in immersion oil and replaces air and keeps light rays from bending,so they can enter the objective lens?
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oil immersion lesn
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what is binocular view?
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bifocal
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once a object is in focus on low magnification, the object will stay in focus is?
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parfocal
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this is the ability of a lens to seperate or distinguish between two small objects that are close together?
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resolution
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all substances are made of small particles called what?
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atoms
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this is a quantity of matter composed od atoms of the same type?
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element
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what does a atom consist of?
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a nucleus
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this is negatively charged and moves about the nucleus in energy levels?
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electrons
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nucleus contains postively charged? and uncharged?
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protons,neutrons
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these are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element?
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atom
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what are the three types of subatomic particles?
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protons, neutrons and electrons
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these elements are given letter abbreviations called?
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chemical symbols
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this is formed when two or more atoms are joined together?
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molecules
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this is formed when two or more atoms or molecules are joined together and has different properties?
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compounds
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compounds are represented by_____that shows the proprtion of each element in the compound?
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formulas
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in a______a substance called the solvent dissolves another substance called the solute.
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solution
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usually there is more of this than a solute in a solution?
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solvent
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a substance that can readily dissolve in a solvent is said to be what?
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soluble
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this compound usually lacks carbon and are simple molecules?
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inorganic compounds
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this compound always contains arbon and hydrogen and usually contains oxygen. they are complex molecules
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organic compound
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Only some have hydrogen and carbon?
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hydrocarbons
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this organic compound always contains has several properties that makes it particularly useful to living organisms?
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carbon
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this can't dissolve easily in water?
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carbon compounds
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what holds carbon compounds are mostly or entirely held by?
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covalent bonds
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what is a good source of energy?
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organic compounds
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this provides most of the energy needed for life and includes sugars,starches, glycogen and cellulose?
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carbohydrates
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what are the three major groups of carbohyrdrates?
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monosaccharides,disaccharides and polysaccharides
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this contains three to seven carbon atoms and includes glucose?
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monosaccharides
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what is the main energy-supplying compound of the body?
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hexose
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what are the three simple sugars humas absorb without further digestion in our small intestine?
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Glucose,fructose and galactose
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this sugar is found in syrup and honey?
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glucose
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this sugar is found in fruit?
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fructose
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this sugar is found in dairy products?
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galactose
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this is formed from two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis release a water molecule?
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Disaccharides
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What is sucrose?
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glucose and fructose
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what is maltose?
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glucose and glucose
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what is lactose?
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glucose and galactose
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this is the largest carbohydrate and may contain hundrends of monosaccharides combined to form a polmer?
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polysaccharides
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this includes cellulose and starch?
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plant polysaccharides
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this is the principle polysaccharide in the human body?
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glycogen
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glcogen is stored where?
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liver or sketal muscle
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this contains carbon,hydrogen and oxygen they don't have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?
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lipids
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simple lipids contain what?
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-one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
-includes fats and oils -can be saturated or unsaturated |
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compound lids contain what?
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phospholids and glycolipids
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derived lipids contain what?
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-includes steriods,vitamin d, and cholesterol and fat soluble vitamin a,e,k
-slouble in fat solvents |
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how is saturation of triglycerides determined by?
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by the number of single or double covalent bonds
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this contains single covalent bonds and are coverd with hydrogen atoms?
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saturated fat
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these are not completely covered with hydrogen?
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monounsaturated fats
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this contains even less hydrogen atoms?
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polyunsaturated fats
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this gives structure to the body,regulate process,provide protection, help muscle to contract,transport substance and seve as enzymes?
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protein
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this is made of subunits called amino acids?
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protein
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how many combinations are proteins constructed from?
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20 amino acids
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this is formed from 2 amino acids?
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dipeptides
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this is formed from 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called?
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peptide bond
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this has chains formed from 10 to 2000 amino acids?
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polypeptides
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this is when a protein by a hostile environment causes loss of its characteristics shape and function?
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denaturation
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what is the primary structural organization?
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is unique sequence of amino acids
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what is the secondary loevl of structural organization
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is alpha helix or pleated sheet folding
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this it the tertiary levels of structural organization?
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is 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain
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the quaternarylevel of structural organizations is?
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interaction of multiple popetide chains-not all protiens have quaternary structure.
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this is the function of a protein depends on its ability to bind another molecule?
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protein denaturation
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this is a specialized protein molecules that help control various chemical reactions in the body?
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enzymes
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what are enzymes know as?
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catalysts
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these are huge organic molecules that contain carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen and phosphrous
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nucleic acids
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this forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells throughout a lifetime
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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relays instructions from the genes in the cell's nucleus to guide each cell's assembly of amino acids into proteins by the ribosomes?
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ribonucleic acid
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