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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Yerkes
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first conducted primate research proposed that primate research should be conducted by others
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Sherwood Washburn
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American Physical Anthropologist who specialized in primate anatomy
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Louis Leakey
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A British paleontologist that helped establish long-term studies of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
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Jane Goodall
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Conducted a long-term study of chimpanzees
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Dian Fossey
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Conducted a long-term study of gorillas
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Birute Galdikas
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Conducted a long-term study of orangutans
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Frugivores
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animals with a diet that consists mainly of fruit
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Insectivores
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animals with a diet that consists mainly of insects
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Folivores
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animals with a diet that consists mainly of leaves
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Energy Minimizers
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Substanial proportion of time resting, and little time traveling; typically eat low energy foods
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Energy Maximizers
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Rest less, devote more energy to foraging and traveling; their diet is higher energy
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Day Range/Day Path Length
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distance traveled each day
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Territorial primate
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defend the entire resource area that they exploit from intrusions by others
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Prehensile
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Something that can be used as a limb (grasping, holding)
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Dental Formula
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Shorthand method of describing the number of each type of tooth in one-half of the jaw in mammal
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prosimians
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the most ancient primates, modern day descendants still possess many primitive traits
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anthropoids
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diurnal, great emphasis on vision, relatively large brains
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Toilet/Grooming Claw
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Characteristic of all prosimians; a specialized claw or nail on the foot used for personal grooming
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tooth comb
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dental structure of strepsirhines used in grooming
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post-orbital closure
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a bony enclosure that protects eyes; characteristic of haplorines
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Prosimian-Anthropoid Classification
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this type of classification includes Tarsiers with lemurs and lorises
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Strepsirhine-Haplorhine Classification
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concludes that tarsiers are more similar to anthropoids and are grouped with them
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Cheek Pouches
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a characteristic of Cerpithecinae; used to store food for later
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Matrilocal Society
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living in the same group as one's matrilineal kin
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Egalitarian
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equality of all individuals; especially in political, economic, or social life
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Nepotism
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favoritism shown on the basis of family relationship in politics
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Hominoids
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includes orangutans, gibbons, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, and humans
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Sexual Dimorphism
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A trait that is markedly different between the sexes (canines, body size, etc.)
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Brachiation
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hand over hand movement (monkey bar motion) [gibbons are the only true brachiators]
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Sagittal Crest
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a bony part of the top of the skull; it is used to anchor muscles used in heavy chewing
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Quadrumanous
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where an organism can all of their limbs as hands; a characteristic of orangutans
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Knucklewalking
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a form of movement in which all four limbs touch the ground,with the weight of the arms resting on the knuckles of the hand
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Linear dominance hierarchy
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each individual dominates all individuals below him and not those above him
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Patrilocal society
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living in the same group as one's patrilineal kin
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Fission-Fusion
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group members reside in the same home range but separate into smaller subgroups on a regular basis
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Sexual Swelling
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a physical sign that a primate is ovulating and is receptive to sexual advances
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Male-bonding Hypothesis
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meat sharing is important for the maintenance of cooperative social relationships among males
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Meat for Sex Hypothesis
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males increase their mating success by sharing meat with estrous females
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Meat-Scrap Hypothesis
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consumption of small quantities of meat may reduce need for particular micronutrients
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Tool Use
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use of a detached object to achieve a goal
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Genital-Genital Rubbing
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embrace each other ventro-ventrally and rub their genital swellings against each other
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Self-recognition
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implied awareness of one's own mental states
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Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
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social, technological, and ecological conditions under which human mental abilities evolved
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Central Place Foraging
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theory describes the behavior of a forager that must return to a particular place to consume its food, or to share food w/ a mate/offspring
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Hadza
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the last full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa (North-central Tanzania)
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Ba'aka
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the hunter-gatherer group found in the western portion of the Congo Basin
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Allometry
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how traits change with body size
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Encephalization Quotient
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Oberserved Brain Volume
_____________________ Predicted Brain Volume |
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Anatomy of the Brain
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Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Frontal Lobe Cerebellum |
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Occipital Lobe Function
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Vision
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Parietal Lobe Function
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Sensory
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Temporal Lobe Function
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Memory/Learning
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Frontal Lobe Function
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Higher emotions/Personality
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Cerebellum Function
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Movement
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Social Learning
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introduction of new behaviors into a group that are subsequently learned by other individuals in the group
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Local Enhancement
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transmission of behavior by attention being drawn to a particular locale in the environment
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Stimulus Enhancement
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transmission of behavior by attention being drawn to an object or part of an object
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Emulation
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learning from seeing the end result, not how to accomplish the task
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Imitation
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learning from seeing it being done, learning about the form of the act
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Insight
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a penetrating and often sudden understanding of a complex situation or problem (an aha! moment)
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Basic Nutritional Need
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dietary needs to maintain energy and health
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Heterodonty
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having different types of teeth
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incisors
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chisel shaped teeth, used for cutting, slicing and gnawing food
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Canine
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located behind the incisors, used for puncturing and defense
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Premolar
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one of the types of back teeth used for crushing and grinding food
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Molar
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furthest back in the jaw used for crushing and grinding food
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Folivore Dental Adaptations
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small incisors
molars w/ shearing crests |
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Frugivore Dental Adaptations
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big, broad incisors
low, rounded molars |
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Gum Dental Adaptations
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strong incisors
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Insectivore Dental Adaptation
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high, sharp cusps on molars
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Expensive tissue Hypothesis
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suggests that the metabolic requirements of large brains are offset by a corresponding reduction of the gut
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Malnutrition
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poor nutrition (too much or little food)
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Humerus!
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GO!
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Mandible!
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GO!
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Radius!
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GO!
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Ulna!
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GO!
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Femur!
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GO!
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Tibia!
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GO!
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Fibula!
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GO!
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Scapula!
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GO!
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Clavicle!
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GO!
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Parietal Bone!
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GO!
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Frontal Bone!
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GO!
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Temporal Bone!
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GO!
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Nasal Bone!
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GO!
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Maxilla!
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GO!
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Zygomatic!
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GO!
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Occipital Bone!
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GO!
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Intermembral Index
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(Humerus + Raduis) x 100
_____________________ (Femur + Tibia) |
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II=100
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legs and arms are equal
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II<100
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Legs are longer than the arms
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II>100
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Arms are longer than legs
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Benefits of Living in Groups
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Vigilance of other Individuals
Aid in deterring predators |
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Costs of Group Living
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Competition (food and mates)
Disease Transmission Interference with Reproduction |
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Prosociality
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acts of help or assistance that benefit others
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Types of Prosociality
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comforting
informing instrumental helping sharing |
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Cooperation
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working with unrelated individuals to complete a common goal
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Altruism
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offering help without expecting anything in return
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Life History Theory
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study of how characteristics of an organism's life cycle affect reproduction
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Weaning
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when the infant phase ends
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Parent-Offspring Conflict
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mothers selected to stop investing in an offspring sooner than the offspring is selected to accept it
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Inter-Birth Intervals
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Ranges from 3-7 years in the Great Apes
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Open System
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finite number of sounds that can be used to create an infinite number of ideas
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Cross-Foster
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offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogate parents of another species
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Displacement
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language allows the discussion of objects and events not in the present
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Arbitrary
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the relationships between sounds to objects and ideas must be learned
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