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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The term that applies to whether or not a process can be continued indefinitely is:
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sustainability
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The main problem caused by population growth is
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increasing demand for all resources
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Factors that contribute to a loss of global biodiversity include
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conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural lands or uban development
poaching pollution excessive exploitation of species for commercial or recreational use |
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Human as species are capable of radically altering Earth s ecosystem. One goal of the environmental movement is to maintain a long-term relationship with the natural world. Three themes that provide direction to this goal are
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sustainability, stewardship, and sound science.
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Which is the correct sequence of activities when applying the scientific method?
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observation, question, hypothesis, formulation, experimentation, theory or refined hypothesis
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Which of the following are characteristics of developing countries?
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firewood being used as fuel
fiber rich diets vegetarians obesity is rare |
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The concept of sustainability as applied to fish species means we will manage fisheries to
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Maintain viable populations of all fish species
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Organized environmental groups such as the National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, Nature Conservancy, Conservation Fund and the Sierra Club promote environmental stewardship
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through educational programs
by lobbying legislatures that protect the environment through sponsorship of envio research by land acquisition |
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Which of the following are examples of sustainable resource management?
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placing annual quotas on fish harvests
placing size limits on fish that can be harvested releasing hatchery raised fish to augment wild population |
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The concept of sustainable development is to
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meet the needs for the indefinite future
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When did human appear on the Earth?
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about 2 million years ago which is about one-half a minute on a 12-hour clock of geological history.
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Why were wolfs re-introduced to Yellowstone national park in 1995, some 80 years after they are terminated through federal program in the early 20 s century?
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reduce elk populations
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George s Bank was officially closed by National Marine Fisheries Service On December 12, 1994 because
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prime commercial species, such as Atlantic cod, has gone commercial extinct.
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The naturally occurring atmospheric gas that is blamed for causing global warming is water vapor
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false
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what is you footprint?
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5.03
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The concept of sustainable development is to
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meet the needs of the indefinite future
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What method was used in Australia to control rabbit population?
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biological control: use of the myxoma virus to kill rabbits
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The accelerated extinction rate that the Earth is experiencing is
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100-1000 times higher than normal species extinction rate
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Endocrine disrupters are
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certain chemicals such as DDT
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Which is the largest city in the world (in terms of its population size)?
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tokyo
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The large functional units of the biosphere that contain living communities interacting with their abiotic environments and that perpetuate themselves are
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ecosystems
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The major natural ecosystem of the central United States (Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska) was
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grassland
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which of the following would be considered inorganic?
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notrogen water and phosphates
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The process of photosynthesis includes
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producing organic matter from inorganic raw materials
producing sugar using carbon dioxide and water using light energy |
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Animals that feed directly on green plants are called
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herbivores
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the first trophic level refers to
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all green plants
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Approximately what percentage of biomass energy will be passed on to the next trophic level in a typical food chain?
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10 percent
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different species tend to have different
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limitss of tolerance for each abiotic factor
zones of stress optimums for each abiotic factor ranges of tolerance for each abiotic factor |
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The limiting factor which is responsible for the transitions from forests to grasslands to deserts is
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precipitation
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A farmer grows and plows under a crop of alfalfa (a legume) to enrich his/her soil with
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nitrogen
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Which statement about the nitrogen cycle is true?
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-it has an important atmospheric component
-organic N is passed through the food chain -several different kinds of bacteria convert N from one form to another -green plants cannot perform nitrogen fixation by themm selves |
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The biotic pathway to return carbon to the atmosphere is
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respiration
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If condition change such that are beyond the limit of tolerance for most but not all members of the population
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the survivors will give rise to a new population which is better adapted to the new conditions.
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Which of the following is NOT among the six most important chemical elements (Big Six) for life processes?
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silicon
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The efficiency of conversion of light to biomass by photosynthesis
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very low (less than 1 percent)
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Which statement is true about solar energy?
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it is everlasting
ultimate source of energy non-polluting very abundent |
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Which of the following is not naturally cycled through the atmosphere?
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phosphorous
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Anthropogenic process(es) that return carbon to the atmosphere is/are
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fossil fuel consumption
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A natural process that converts atmospheric nitrogen to forms useable by living things is called
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nitrogen fixation
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Solar energy is the energy source that drives the Earth's
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phosphorus cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle ,water cycle
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The human population of the world is currently
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growing at a rate of about 78 million per year.
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A human population age structure diagram shows the
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numbers of people in each age group.
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Population momentum inherent in the populations of less developed nations refers to the fact that their
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populations will continue to grow for some time before leveling off even if fertility rates are reduced to 2.0.
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A population which is growing at the rate of 4.5 percent per year will double in about
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25
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Suppose that a population that has been stable for a long period of time suddenly begins to increase. The increase may be due to
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a decrease in death rate AND an increase in birth rate.
an increase in birth rate, death rate remaining constant. a decrease in death rate, birth rate remaining the same. immigration. |
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Birth rates tend to decline with
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an increased standard of living
increasing levels of education social security programs that guarantee support into old age delaying motherhood past the teenage years |
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Most developed nations are in what phase of the demographic transition?
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low birth rate, low death rate
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Human population growth before the 1900s was limited by all of the following EXCEPT
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birth control technology.
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The proportion of the world's human population living in developing countries is
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80 percent and growing
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The percentage of the world's wealth controlled by developed and developing countries, respectively, is
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80:20
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Prior to the 1800s the human population was in a dynamic balance, exhibiting a general slow increase in population size. Environmental resistance responsible for this balance included
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epidemics, endemics, and famine
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Prior to the 1800s the human population was in a dynamic equilibrium exhibiting a general slow increase in population size. Reasons for this balance included
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shortened life spans, low recruitment, high infant mortality
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Population characteristics of developing countries include
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high fertility rates.
high infant mortality. rapid population growth. |
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Population characteristics of developed countries include
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low infant mortality.
slow population growth. high recruitment. fertility rates less than 2. |
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Which of the following can reduce human impacts on natural ecosystems?
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stabilization of human population
improved stewardship of the environment decreased consumption of resources |
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The program to control population growth in China
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uses incentives and penalties.
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Women in developing countries tend to have more children than women in developed countries. Reasons for this pattern include
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the availability of contraceptives is less in developing countries.
children are viewed as security for the elderly in developing countries. there is higher infant mortality in developing countries. children are perceived as economic assets in developing countries. |
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Effective way(s) of reducing population growth in developing countries is/are to
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provide unrestricted access to contraceptives.
encourage equal opportunity for women. provide social programs for caring for the elderly. provide education opportunties for women. |
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Population age structure diagrams
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normal birth rate, graphical depiction, fertility rate, death rate
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As a society becomes more affluent
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sanitation improves
biotic potential increases |
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A country which has a crude birth rate of 33 and a crude death rate of 10 is growing at what percent per year?
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2.3
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Countries with the lowest fertility rates
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have good health care systems.
are the developed countries. have an infrastructure where contraceptives are readily available. provide opportunities for women's education and careers. |
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Which of the following statement is incorrect?
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China's population growth rate is higher than that of U.S.
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One of a few successful family planning program was carried out in
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thailand
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Malthus's Principle of Population was based on the idea that
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population increases at a geometric rate whereas the food supply growth at an arithmetic rate.
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Based on the Malthus population theory, excessive population growth can be controlled by
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war, pestilence, and famine
contraception and homosexuality murder and accidents |
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Based on 2010 emigration to the U.S., which country ranked 4th (among top emigration countries)?
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phillipine
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what is correct about fertility?
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Total fertility rate measures the actual production of off springs by females in the population.
replacement-level fertility rate is 2.03 for developed countries and 2.16 for developing countries. On average, it takes total fertility rate of 2 to maintain the existing population |
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The 3rd pinciple of ecosystem sustainability states:
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the size of consumer population is controlled so that over-consumption does not occur.
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Based on IPAT equation, which of the following statement is correct?
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United States releases more pollution than India does because U.S. has much higher per capita resource consumption rate.
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The relationship between fertility rate and income is
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fertility rate decreases
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If current U.S. population growth rate of 0.9% remains contant, it would take about _____ years for U.S. to double its population size.
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77
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Which of the following is not a density dependent factor that controls population growth in ecosystems
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wildfire
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What was the world population in 1950?
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2.5 billion
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A significant role of ecosystems in maintaining a quality environment is best referred to as providing
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natural services
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The tragedy of the commons is a result of
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unregulated use of a common resource.
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Which of the following are good management practices to promote conservation of natural resources?
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eliminate economic incentives that promote violation of conservation regulations
protect and preserve critical habitats enforce existing regulations |
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what demonstrates the concept of "tragedy of the commons?"
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redirection
poaching poaching elephants for the ivory of their tusks |
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The decline of the prized species of fish on George's Bank off New England is due to
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unrestricted overfishing.
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A major reason that tropical rain forests are being cleared so quickly is
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governments and settlers are desperate to get any income they can.
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what is true about marine fisheries?
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Fishing pressure is greater than ever before.
Catch of several species has drastically declined. Maximum sustainable yield has proven to be an effective management tool. |
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Mangroves are important as natural and sustainable
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protection from erosion.
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Which of the following is true about wetlands?
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they retain sediments
fertile soils provide nutrients |
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Which statement is true about maximum sustainable yield?
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Energetically, it can go on indefinitely.
It is the highest possible rate of harvest. It does not apply to stable populations at carrying capacity. |
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Efforts of developed countries to get developing countries to protect their forests are difficult for which of the following reasons?
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Warnings and advice seem hypocritical when coming from nations that have cut most of their own forests.
Harvesting forests is an irresistible solution to poverty. Harvested wood and cleared land are immediately useful and therefore in demand. |
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How does a wetland ecosystem act in waste water treatment?
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Wetland plants absorb inorganic nutrients like nitrates and phosphates, preventing eutrophication.
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Fishing for salmon at a sustainable level is considered ________ of a natural resource.
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conservation
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The maximum number of organisms which can be sustainably removed from an ecosystem is called the
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maximum sustainable yield.
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Forests provide which of the following vital natural services?
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conserve biodiversity
moderate regional climates prevent erosion |
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How does the shrimp aquaculture industry destroy mangrove forests?
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Mangrove forests are cleared to create ponds for raising shrimp.
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The Magnuson Act of 1976 extended United States jurisdiction to ________ miles offshore.
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200 miles
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Management for maximum sustainable yield sometimes fails because
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varying conditions affect replenishment of the harvested resource.
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Productive and sustainable uses of forests include all of the following EXCEPT
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clear cutting at short intervals to maximize yield.
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All species on Earth have been identified.
true or false? |
false
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Causes of the loss of tropical rainforest is/are
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cattle ranching
slash and burn agriculture commercial logging |
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Which of the following is are service provided by ecosystems?
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purification of air and water
detoxification and decomposition of wastes regeneration of soil fertility |
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what are 4 more services provided by ecosystems?
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Maintenance of hydrological cycle
Maintenance of oxygen and nitrogen cycles regulation of climate |
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The total value of a year s ecosystem services is much less than the gross product of the world economy.
true or false? |
True
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