Intro To Criminal Justice

Front 1

Following are the three I's of police selection. Which one of those does NOT belong?

Back 1

A. intuition

Front 2

According to your text, three highly important qualities for police are

Back 2

A. the three I's of police selection, common sense, and compassion

Front 3

Police work is intrinsically satisfying because it is

Back 3

D. All these answers are correct

Front 4

The movement to limit the discretion of police officers is the result of

Back 4

C. abuses of that discretion

Front 5

Police officers cannot make an arrest for every violation of law- that is, they cannot provide

Back 5

D. full enforcement

Front 6

The practice of relying on the judgement of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce is referred to as

Back 6

B. selective enforcement

Front 7

The ______ the complainant, the more likely a patrol officer is to use formal procedures to report and investigate a crime.

Back 7

C. more affluent

Front 8

Approximately ______ women are victims of domestic violence each year.

Back 8

C. 1 million

Front 9

Which of the following has/have always made the police the major respondents to domestic violence calls?

Back 9

D. the availability of 24-hour services

Front 10

Racial profiling often occurs during ____ , where police justify stopping a car because of minor equipment or moving traffic violations that might otherwise be ignored.

Back 10

B. pretext stops

Front 11

Which of the following is defined as the harmful physical and emotional outcomes that occur when the requirements of a job do no match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the employee?

Back 11

D. job stress

Front 12

Which of the following is a measure of coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants in a conflict?

Back 12

C. excessive force

Front 13

A court of _____ jurisdiction has the authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court.

Back 13

A. original

Front 14

Which of the following types of jurisdiction is the court's power to hear a particular type of case?

Back 14

A. subject matter

Front 15

In highly controversial cases, all of the judges in a circuit may sit together and hear a case in what is known as a(n)

Back 15

C. en banc hearing

Front 16

Trial courts of ______ jurisdiction are sometimes referred to generally as "inferior trial courts" or simply as "lower courts."

Back 16

A. limited

Front 17

Approximately how many courts of limited jurisdiction are there in the United States?

Back 17

D. 13,500

Front 18

Which of the following was the first type of "problem-solving" court?

Back 18

A. drug court

Front 19

Which of the following is true about active drug court participants?

Back 19

B. They are more likely to reap psychosocial benefits not related to drug use or criminal behavior, such as less family conflict and being enrolled in school.

Front 20

According to research, 1 in ______ prisoners in the United States has a serious mental illness.

Back 20

C. 8

Front 21

According to your textbook, who is the most powerful actor in the administration of justice?

Back 21

B. the prosecutor

Front 22

About what percentage of all convictions in felony cases are the result of guilty pleas?

Back 22

D. 95%

Front 23

The _____ is a community's chief law enforcement official and is responsible primarily for the protection of society.

Back 23

A. prosecutor

Front 24

When prosecutors elect not to prosecute, they enter a

Back 24

D. notation of nolle prosequi

Front 25

The role of defense lawyers is to

Back 25

D. provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy within the legal and ethical limits of the profession.

Front 26

State and federal legislative bodies enact _____ that specify appropriate punishments for each statutory offense or class of offense.

Back 26

D. penal codes

Front 27

Judges can suspend an entire sentence if the offender

Back 27

D. All these answers are correct.

Front 28

In sentencing, what is "dead time"?

Back 28

A. jail time not deducted from the sentence

Front 29

A(n) ______ sentence has a fixed minimum and maximum term of incarceration, rather than a set period.

Back 29

C. indeterminate

Front 30

Presumptive sentences may be based on sentencing guidelines, which are developed by sentencing commissions comprised of

Back 30

C. both criminal justice professionals and private citizens.

Front 31

In ______, the legislature determines a sentence range for each crime that is usually based on the seriousness of the crime and the criminal history of the offender.

Back 31

B. presumptive sentencing

Front 32

From biblical times through the eighteenth century, _______ was the dominant justification for punishment.

Back 32

A. retribution

Front 33

Before the Supreme Court's 1991 decision, ____ was considered irrelevant and potentially inflammatory and was not allowed.

Back 33

C. the victim-impact statement

Front 34

According to your textbook, one problem with restitution is that most offenders

Back 34

D. have neither the financial means nor the abilities to provide adequate restitution.

Front 35

Nearly _____ of state trial court decisions are affirmed on appeal

Back 35

A. 80%

Front 36

Between 1968 and 1972,

Back 36

C. a series of lawsuits challenged various aspects of capital punishment.

Front 37

Reductions in sentences for death row inmates, which are granted by a state's governor, are called

Back 37

C. commutations

Front 38

What was the closest European forerunner of the modern U.S. prison known as?

Back 38

B. the workhouse

Front 39

Which of the following institutions is commonly regarded as the first state prison in the United States?

Back 39

A. Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia

Front 40

Which of the following was designed for younger, less-hardened offenders between 16 and 30 years of age?

Back 40

C. the reformatory

Front 41

Originally, big-house prisons

Back 41

C. exploited inmate labor through various links to the free market.

Front 42

At the beginning of 2012, how many states held prison inmates in privately operated facilities?

Back 42

D. 31

Front 43

At the beginning of 2012, which of the following states held the largest number of prison inmates in privately operated facilities?

Back 43

A. Texas

Front 44

Which of the following groups has become a new source of revenue for private corrections contactors under the Obama administration?

Back 44

A. illegal immigrants

Front 45

Which of the following is the first state to allow female prisoners to work on chain gangs?

Back 45

D. Arizona

Front 46

Which of the following states had the largest number of prison inmates in 2011?

Back 46

A. Texas

Front 47

Which of the following jurisdictions had the largest average daily jail population at mid-year 2010?

Back 47

A. Los Angeles County, CA

Front 48

Over the last 200 years, Americans have developed a tradition of strong reliance on the prison to control crime. The result is that it

Back 48

A. has never done very well.

Front 49

At year-end 2011, what percentage of all prisoners in the United States were state prisoners?

Back 49

D. 86%

Front 50

Approximately what percentage of the state prison population is female?

Back 50

A. 7%

Front 51

Approximately what percentage of the state prison population is black?

Back 51

C. 43%

Front 52

A _____ is an institutional setting in which people are cut off from the wider society and are expected to live according to institutional rules and procedures.

Back 52

D. total institution

Front 53

The ______ model holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environment-specifically, the pre-prison experiences and socialization patterns that inmates bring with them when they enter prison.

Back 53

A. importation

Front 54

Where was the deadliest prison riot in American history?

Back 54

B. Attica Correctional Facility in New York

Front 55

According to the first and second National Inmate Surveys of sexual victimization, approximately what percentage of the nation's prison inmates experienced sexual victimization?

Back 55

A. 4.5%

Front 56

Which of the following is one of the newest forms of prison contraband?

Back 56

D. cell phones

Front 57

Entering the ____ of the prison means finding in the diverse environment of the institution a niche that will accommodate the inmate's unique combination of needs.

Back 57

B. private culture

Front 58

Inmates who adopt the _____ lifestyle are primarily concerned with getting out of prison as soon as possible and avoiding hard time in the process.

Back 58

D. doing time

Front 59

Women' s prisons are usually not characterized by the _____ found in men's institutions.

Back 59

D. All these answers are correct

Front 60

In women's prisons, the _____ role is occupied by sophisticated professional criminals who try to do easy time by manipulating other inmates and the staff to their own advantage.

Back 60

A. cool

Front 61

In which of the following years did the first female correctional officer begin work at a high-security institution?

Back 61

C. 1978

Front 62

At the end of 2010, what was the average ratio of correctional officers to inmates in federal prisons?

Back 62

C. 1 officer for every 10.1 inmates

Front 63

Community corrections has traditionally emphasized

Back 63

D. rehabilitation

Front 64

At year-end 2011, approximately what percentage of adults under community supervision were probationers?

Back 64

D. 80%

Front 65

Which of the following refers to organized and systematic efforts to remove people from the criminal justice process by placing them in programs that offer alternatives to the next, more restrictive stage of processing?`

Back 65

B. diversion

Front 66

Which of the following is the most frequently used sentence in criminal justice?

Back 66

A. probation

Front 67

In 2011, approximately what percentage of all probationers in the United States were white (non-Hispanic)?

Back 67

B. 50%

Front 68

In 2011, approximately what percentage of all probationers in the United States had committed felonies?

Back 68

B. 50%

Front 69

Which of the following is conducted by the probation agency at the request of the judge, usually during the period between the finding (or plea) of guilt and sentencing?

Back 69

A. the presentence investigation

Front 70

Which of the following are imposed at the discretion of the judge and probation officials and are designed to address the offender's particular situation?

Back 70

A. special conditions

Front 71

If a client has violated the conditions of probation, the probation agency may recommend

Back 71

D. revocation

Front 72

Which of the following is used with people leaving prison?

Back 72

D. parole

Front 73

In _____, offenders are released from prison directly into the community under the supervision of the parole agency.

Back 73

D. straight parole

Front 74

The first person or organization to implement parole in the United States was

Back 74

A. Zebulon Brockway

Front 75

Parole revocation is the responsibility of the

Back 75

B. parole board.

Front 76

In most U.S. jurisdictions, juveniles are defined as individuals between the ages of

Back 76

B. 7 and 18

Front 77

One age-old mechanism for dealing with unruly children was _____, which served as a primary means for teaching skilled trades to the children of the middle and upper classes.

Back 77

B. the apprenticeship system

Front 78

During the late 1800s a new group of reformers known as the _____ began to advocate instituting a juvenile court to deal with youth problems

Back 78

D. child savers

Front 79

In 2009, what percentage of youths who were not adjudicated delinquent in juvenile courts were still placed on some sort of probation?

Back 79

C. 25%

Front 80

Actions taken by citizens to respond to delinquency constitute a(n) ____ process that operates outside the official agencies of juvenile justice.

Back 80

B. informal juvenile justice

Front 81

Regardless of any other factors, as the _____ increase(s), so will the likelihood of arrest.

Back 81

B. seriousness of the offense

Front 82

In 2009, approximately what percentage of juvenile arrests involved females?

Back 82

B 30%

Front 83

In 2009, approximately what percentage of the total number of juvenile arrestees were age 14 and younger?

Back 83

B. 25%

Front 84

Diversion can occur at any stage of the juvenile justice process, but it is most often employed before

Back 84

A. adjudication

Front 85

The most frequently used disposition in juvenile courts is _____, followed by ______.

Back 85

B. probation; placement

Front 86

If the future of law enforcement increasingly reflects the principles and policies of the crime control model, then you might expect

Back 86

B. boarder police discretion.

Front 87

The investigative abilities of the police should be improved and made easier by the expansion of

Back 87

D. community policing.

Front 88

Perhaps the thorniest issue with DNA technology is

Back 88

C. how the DNA database will be collected and used

Front 89

Which of the following cities has the most extensive network of surveillance cameras, known as the "Ring of Steel"?

Back 89

B. London

Front 90

Advocates of the crime control model consider ____ at any stage, other than perhaps at trial, a luxury and an unnecessary impediment to the efficient operation of the process.

Back 90

C. Legal representation

Front 91

Which of the following maintains that a crafty lawyer may be able to win the freedom of a factually guilty client by means of a legal technically?

Back 91

D. crime control model

Front 92

Due process model advocates believe that the ____ is a critical stage in the administration of justice.

Back 92

A. preliminary hearing

Front 93

If the crime control model dominates the future of the administrative of justice, it is likely that ____ will be strongly discouraged and limited.

Back 93

C. appeals

Front 94

If the due process model dominates the administrative of justice in the future, there will probably be no limitations on

Back 94

D. the right to appeal.

Front 95

Juvenile courts are currently

Back 95

D. All these answers are correct

Front 96

Participatory justice is a form of

Back 96

C. restorative justice.

Front 97

Which of the following is a strategy in which disappointment is expressed for the offender's actions, the offender is shamed and punished, and there is a concerted effort on the part of the community to forgive the offender and bring him or her back into society?

Back 97

B. reintegrative shaming

Front 98

Recent history demonstrates that increases in the use of alternatives to incarceration ____ the use of incarceration.

Back 98

A. do not necessarily decrease

Front 99

Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution will have to be respected and will no doubt set the outer limits of what corrections in the future might be?

Back 99

C. Eighth Amendment

Front 100

_____ is a dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who is trained in the art of helping people resolve disputes. The agreed-upon resolution is formalized into a binding consent agreement.

Back 100

A. mediation