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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

All life descends from

One common ancestor

how long ago was the common ancestor?

4 billion years ago

characteristics of life

Homeostasis


Consists of one or more cells


Able to grow and reproduce


Extracts molecules from the environment


Has genetic information

What two acids played critical roles in evolution

nucleic acids and fatty acids

what is metabolism?

An energy transformer

what is aerobic metabolism?

A biochemical process that uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrient molecules

Anaerobic metabolism

does not use oxygen

Four building blocks of DNA are

A, T, C, G

A goes to

T with a double H bond

C goes to

G with a triple H bond

What are two exceptions to the common


characteristics of life?

viruses and seeds

Cell theory is

Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Cells make up everything.


Cells come from preexisting cells.


All cells have a similar chemical composition. DNA is completely replicated and passed down to a daughter cell.

Artificial selection

Humans select for characteristics they want to breed

Natural selection

occurs in nature by the fittest

difference between theistic evolution and


intelligent design

Theistic evolution: God creates a plan and evolution and lets everything go on its own


Intelligent design: creationism

endosymbiosis

a bigger cell engulfs a smaller cell

what two organelles come from endosymbiosis?

chloroplast and mitochondria

what is the outermost shell of an atom called?

valence shell

If a shell is nonreactive, that means

all of the electrons are paired

explain covalent bonds

Atoms share electrons, hard to break, two kinds

What are the two types of covalent bonds?


Explain them

Non Polar: two of the same kind of atom (equal electro negativity)


Polar: Atoms of unequal electronegativity

Ionic bonds

Complete transfer of electrons due to extreme differences in electronegativity

Positive ions and negative ions are called

Positive: cation


Negative: anion

some properties of water are

Polar


Can form hydrogen bonds


More dense in liquid form


Requires lots of energy to melt and freeze


High heat capacity


Has surface tension due to cohesion

PH equal to 7


pH less than 7


pH greater than 7

Neutral


Acidic


Basic

explain hydrogen bonds

Bonds between Hydrogens in a polar bond and something else in a polar bond

Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic- Can form polar bonds (water loving) Hydrophobic- Can't form polar bonds (water hating)

3 macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins

explain carbs

One is monosaccharide


More than one polysaccharide


Example glucose

explain proteins

Made of amino acids


Polypeptides

explain nucleic acids

Made of nucleotides DNA and RNA

explain functional groups

If it has a certain functional group the properties of that functional group will be present

how do you go from monomers to polymers?


polymers to monomers?

Condensation or dehydration reaction


Hydrolysis (add water)

functions of proteins

Transport things in and out of the cell


Movement


Enzymes


Support


Defense


Protection

The function of a protein depends on what

3D structure

how many amino acids are there?

20

how can you tell the difference between amino acids?

their side chains

explain primary structure

A normal zig zag


Determined by the sequence of amino acids

what are the two types of secondary structure?

Beta pleated sheet (accordion)


Alpha helix (loop)

what does tertiary structure result in?

A macromolecule with a specific 3D shape

describe quaternary structure

Forms large proteins


Ex. Hemoglobin

How can you denature a protein and what happens to it after its denatured (can it go back)?

Irreversible


High temps


pH changes


Radiation

Examples of polysaccharides (carbs)

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

How do you form a glycosidic linkage?

Bond monosaccharides together using condensation reactions

Starch stores energy in..


Glycogen stores energy in..

Plants


Animals

Structure of a triglyceride

Three fatty acids


Glycerol


Bonded with an ester bond

Explain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated: solid at room temp and easily organized


Unsaturated: liquid at room temp and have kinks

Explain the central dogma

DNA replicated itself DNA transcribes to RNA RNA translates to protein

What are nucleotides made of

5 carbon sugar either deoxyribose or just ribose Nitrogen containing base


Phosphate group

Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA: double stranded, anti parallel, ATGC


RNA: single stranded, AUCG