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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the process by which complex nutrients are briken down into smaller componentes called?
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Digestion
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What are the three main functions of the digestive system?
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Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination
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What layer of the digestive tract are the goblet cells located in?
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The Mucosa
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What is the layer of Serous membrane that covers organs called?
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The Visceral Layer
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What is the layer of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and folds over the abdominal organs?
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The peritoneum
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What is the outtermost layer of the digestive tract wall called?
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The Serosa
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The crown of a tooth is covered in a very hard substance called what?
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Enamel
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What are the teeth between the incisors and the molars called?
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Cuspids
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What is the first part of the small intestine called?
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Duodenum
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What is the small tube containing lymphoid tissue that is attached to the cecum called?
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The appendix
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The longitudinal muscle in the wall of the large intestine forms bands called what?
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Teniae Coli
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What are the largest salivary glands called?
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Parotid glands
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Glygogen is stored in the accessory digestive organ called what?
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The Liver
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Which abdominal gland secretes glucagon and digestive enzymes?
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The pancreas
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What is the substance that is synthesized in the liver and emulsifies fat?
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Bile
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What is the muscular organ that stores bile?
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The gall bladder
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Which duct delivers bile to the duodenum?
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The common bile duct
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Which enzyme digests starch?
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Amylase
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How are individual nucleotides produced?
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By the actions of Nucleases
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In digestion, large food particles are split into their building blocks using water and enzymes. What is the term for this process?
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Hydrolysis
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What is the enzyme that breaks down lactose?
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Lactase
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How is glycerol produced?
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From the break down of lipids/fats
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What does trypsin break down proteins into?
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Amino Acids
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What is the process by which nutrients pass from the digestive tract into the blood?
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Absorption
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What are the millions of tiny fingerlike projections in the lining of the small intestine called?
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Villi
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What are the specialized vessels that absorb fats called?
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Lacteals
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What is the hormone that increases stomach motility and secretion?
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Gastrin
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How is the contraction of the gallbladder stimulated?
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By an intestinal hormone called CCK
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What is a yellowish coloration caused by liver disease?
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Jaundice
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What is the correct order of tissue from the outtermost to the innermost layer in the wall of the digestive tract?
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Serous membrane, smooth muscle, submucosa, mucosa
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Which layer of the digestive tract wall forms the teniae coli?
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The smooth muscle layer
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Which of the following is not a subdivision of the peritoneum? Endothelium, Mesentry, Greater Omentum, Mesocolon
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The endothelium
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Where is the lesser omentum
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Between the stomach and the liver
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Which portion of the peritoneum is attached to the small intestine.
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The mesentry
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What is the normal number of cuspids in the adult mouth?
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4
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What is the hardest substance found in a tooth?
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Enamel
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What regulates the flow of food into the duodenum?
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The pyloric Sphinceter
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What is the veriform appendix attached to?
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The cecum
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Which portion of the large intestine empties into the rectum?
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The Sigmoid colon
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What is the waste product of protein metabolism that is synthesized in the liver?
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Urea
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What are the salivary glands under the tongue called?
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Sublingual Glands
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What is bilirubin?
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A byproduct of the destruction of Red Blood Cells
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What is the function of bile?
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Emulsification of fats
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What do the cyctic and common ducts merge to form?
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The common bile duct
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Which of the following substances is a protease? Lipase, Hydrochloric acid, Lactase, or Trypsin
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Trypsin
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Which of the following enzymes is not synthesized by the pancreas? Amylase, Pepsin, Lipase, or Trypsin
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Pepsin
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Hydrochloric acid activates a protein digesting enzyme produced where?
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In the stomach
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Most of the nutrients from eating butter would be absorbed in what form?
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Glycerol and free fatty acids
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What nutrient do lacteals absorb?
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Fat/Lipids
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Where are most of the body's nutrients absorbed?
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In the small intestine
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What are the folds in the cell membrane of intestinal cells called?
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Microvilli
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When a highly acidic chyme arrives in the duodenum, what substance will neutralize the acidity?
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Bicarbonate
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Which of the following hormones act on the pancreas? Gastric-inhibitor peptide, Cholecystokinin, or secretin?
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All of them
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Where are secretin and cholecystokinin produced?
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In the duodenum
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What is the scientific name for tooth decay?
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Caries
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What is an example of Parotitis?
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The viral disease Mumps
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What is the formation of stones in the gallbladder called?
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Cholelithiasis
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How does urine move from the kidneys to the bladder?
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Through the Ureters
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What is the fiborus connective tissue surrounding the kidney called?
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Renal capsule
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What is the triangular shaped region in the floor of the bladder?
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The trigone
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What is the external opening of the urethra called?
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The urinary meatus
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What is the cluster of capillaries in the bowman capsule?
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The Gomerulus
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What vessel carries blood into the glomerulus?
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The afferent arteriole
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What are the blood vellels that surround the loop of Henle?
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Peritubular capillaries
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What is the small coiled tube that forms urine?
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The nephron
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What section of the nephron forms a u-shaped tube?
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The loop of Henle
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Filtration occurs where?
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Between the glomerulus and the bowman capsule
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What specialized region of the kidney produces renin?
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The Juxtalomerular apparatus
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How is angiotension activated?
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By the renal enzyme renin
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By what process do substances move from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule?
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Glomerular filtration
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What does the process of tubular reabsorption involve?
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The movement of substances from the nephron into the peritubular capillaries
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The active transport of penicillian from the blood into the nephron is an example of what process?
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Tubuular secretion
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Which hormone makes the collecting duct more permeable to water?
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Inadequate production of ADH results in what disease?
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Diabetes insipidus
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What is another term for urination?
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Micturition
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How is the concentration of dissolved substances in urine indicated?
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By its specific gravity
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What is the main nitrogeneous waste material in the urine?
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Urea
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What is the presence of white blood cells in the urine known as?
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Pyuria
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What are large kidney stones that fill the renal pelvis and extend into the calyces?
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Staghorn Caliculi
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What is a dropping of the kidney known as?
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Renal ptosis
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Inflammations of the bladder that can not be treated with medications is called what?
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Interstitial cystitis
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The anemia observed in chronic renal failure reflects a deficiency of what hormone?
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Erythropoietin
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Waste products from kidney failure require products to be removed from the body how?
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By dialysis
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In the case of kidney failure, fluid within the peritoneal cavity would be changed by what process?
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Peritoneal Dialysis
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What does the word part "-cele" mean?
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Swelling, elnarged space
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What is the outter part of the kidney called?
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THe renal cortex
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What is the funnel shaped basin forming the upper end of the ureter called?
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The renal pelvis
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List a path of blood as it passes through the kidneys.
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Glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, renal vein
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Whic of the following strucutres is found in the renal medulla? Glomerulus, proximal convolutes tubule, peritubular capillaries, or the distal convoluted tubule?
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The peritubular capillaries
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Which of the following structures is not part of the nephron? Glomerulus, Loop of Henle, or the collecting duct?
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The glomerulus
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What part of the nephron drains into the loop of Henle?
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The proximal convoluted tubule
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus consits of cells in what?
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The distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
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What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus synthesize?
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Renin
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What is the active process that moves substances from the blood into the nephron?
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Tubular secretion
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What drives materials out of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule?
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Blood pressure
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Substances are reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule into what?
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The peritubular capillaries
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What does antidiuretic hormone increase?
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Water reabsorption in the collecting duct
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What is the average daily urine output?
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1 to 1.5L
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What nitrogenous waste material is normally contained in the urine?
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Urea
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What is the presence of white blood cells in the urine described as?
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Pyuria
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What is the use if shock waves to break up kidney stones known as?
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Lithotripsy
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What does inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney result in?
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Pyelonephritis
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Of the following, what can renal failure result from? Hydronephrosis, Polycystic kidney, or acute glomerulonephritis
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All of them
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Which of the following is usually not a symptom of chronic renal failure? Dehydration, Enuresis, Edema, Anema
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Enuresis
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What is the difference between dialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
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Peritoneal dialysis does not use a membrane
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What is the term for a removal of the kidney?
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Nephrectomy
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What does the word part "cyst/o" mean?
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Sac
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What does the term "pyelocystitis" mean?
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Inflammation of the renal pelvis and bladder
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What is the sac called that contains the testes?
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The scrotum
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What do the testes pass through in the abdominal cavity during embryonic development?
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Inguinal canal
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How are the testes suspended within the scrotum?
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By the spermatic cord
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Folowing meiosis, what is the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell?
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23
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What is the reproductive organ in which a fetus develops?
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Uterus
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The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union between the duct from the seminal vessicle and what?
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The Vas
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What is the muscular layer of the uterus called?
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The myometrium
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What gland surrounds the urethra and contracts to aid ejaculation?
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The prostate gland
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What is the tube that carries the ovum to the uterus?
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The fallopian tube
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What are the lip like folds of tissue in the vulva called?
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The labia
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What is the lower narrow region of the uterus called?
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The cervix
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How are simple sugars added to semen?
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By the seminal vessicles
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Semen passes from the ejaculatory duct into what?
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The urethra
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What part of the spermatozoa produces movement?
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The flagellum
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What is the enzyme containing cap on the head of the spermatozoa called?
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Acrosome
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Which steroid is produced in significant quantities during the luteal and follicular phases?
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Estrogen
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Early development of the follicle is controlled by which pituitary hormone?
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FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
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Which sex steroid induces the development of the male secondary sex characteristics?
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Testosterone
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In males what does Luteinizing hormone stimulate?
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The activity of interstitial cells
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What do most menopausal symptoms reflect a deficiency of?
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Estrogen
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What is the normal age related cessation of menstruation that occurs in women?
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Menopause
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What is the use of artificial methods to prevent birth called?
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Contraception
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The emergency contraceptive pill consists of several doses of what hormone?
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Progesterone
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What is an x-ray study of the breast called?
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Mammogram
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What is a viral disorder characterized by blisters on and around the genital organs?
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Genital herpes
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What is inflammation of the coiled tube that stores sperm?
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Epididymitis
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What is a surgical removal of the uterus called?
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Hysterectomy
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What do the word parts "mamm/o" and "mast/o" mean?
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Breast, mammary gland
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metropathy means what?
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Disease of the uterus
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What do interstitial cells of the testes produce?
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Testesterone
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What ligaments hold the uterus in place?
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Broad ligaments
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What is the glans of the penis formed by?
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The corpus spongiosum
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The prepuce is not present in individuals who have undergone what?
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Circumcision
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What is the fold of membrane that is sometimes found bear the vaginal opening called?
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The hymen
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What coiled tube on the testes stores spermatozoa?
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The epididymis
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Of the following glands which is found in women? Greater vestibular glands, prostate gland, buukbourethral gland, ot the seminal vessicle.
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The greater vestibular gland
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What are teh labia and the clitoris a part of?
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The vulva
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What structure contributes the most liquid to semen?
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The seminal vessicles
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True or false, Semen is acidic?
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False
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What does the head of the spermatozoon contain a large amount of?
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DNA
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Where would an acromosome be found?
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In a spermatozoon
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What does menses result from?
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A decline in estrogen and progesterone
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When does the uterine proliferative phase occur?
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During the follicular phase
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When are progesterone levels the highest?
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During the secondary phase
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What does testesterone cause?
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The development of spermatozoa
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What do high levels of progesterone result in?
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A decreased level of Luteinizing hormone
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What does increased activity of the intersitial cells result in?
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A decreased luteinizing hormone secretion
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When does menopause occur?
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When the aging ovary no longer produces mature follicles
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Which birth control method affects gametogenesis?
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The birth control patch
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Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by a spirochete?
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Syphilis
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What would hysterectomy be an effective treatment for?
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Fibroids
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What is cryptorchidism?
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A testes that remains in the abdomen
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What does a pap smear test for?
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Cancer of part of the uterus
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What is mastitis?
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Inflammation of the a breast
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What does metroparalysis mean?
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Paralysis of the uterus
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Which glands contribute to secretions to semen?
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Seminal vessicles, prostate glands, and bilourethral gland
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What are the functions of semen?
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Nourish and transport spermatozoa, neutralize acidity, lubricate the reproductive tract, prevent infection
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