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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychodynamic
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Behavior as determined by repressed sexual and aggressive urges
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Behaviorism
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Behavior as product of events in the environment
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Humanistic
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Humans as striving to reach full potential
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Cognitive
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Emphasis on conscious thought, memory, etc...
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Evolutionary
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Behavior as a product of evolutionary change.
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Sociocultural
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Behavior as determined by the culture of which one is a member
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Biological Psych
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Explains behavior in terms of biological factors (genes, brain structures)
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Cognitive Psych
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Explains how information about the world is acquired, retained and used
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Developmental Psych
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Studies how thought and behavior change as people age, and why
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Social and Personality Psych
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Explains behavior in terms of the situations in which people find themselves, and in terms of their personality.
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Clinical Psych
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Tries to understand and treat abnormalities in thought and behavior
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Neuroscience Psych
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Tries to understand the links between brain activity and behavior.
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Titchener and structuralism
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Scientific study of mind and behavior. Brain reduces to simple sensations, combines part to a whole.
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James and functionalism
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Studies learned habits and adaptation to environment to function effectively. It studies the dunction/purpose of an act.
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Determinism vs. Free Will
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Psychology is deterministic (behavior is the result of or is determined by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable. Behavior is lawful and patterned)
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Scientific Method
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Form hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusion, share results
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Reverse causality problem
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X can cause Y or Y can cause X
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Third variable problem
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Y and X caused by Z
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Conceptualization
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Variables of interest
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Operationalization
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Translation of the variable of interest into a form that can be measured clearly
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Double-blind control
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Experimenter and subject do not know who is getting what
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Internal validity
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Extent to which one can conclude that the IV has caused the DV
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Confound
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An extra unexpected variable that confuses the interpretation
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Demand characteristics
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Cues in an experimental setting that influence the participants perception of what is expected of them, and that influences the subjects behavior
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Experimental control
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V's manipulated, all else held constant
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External validity
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Extent to which results can be generalized to other situations and other people
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Informed consent
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Participant is told ahead of tiem ewhat to expect, and agrees to participate
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Reliability
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Consistency/dependability of behavioral data from testing
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Validity
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Whether the info produced by research/test accurately measures the variable
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Self-report measures
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Verbal answers to question
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Behavioral measures
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Ways to study overt actions/behaviors and recordable reactions
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Naturalistic observations
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Observation of behavior in natural environment
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Case sturdy
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An experiment with one or a small group of subjects
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Galton (mid 1800s)
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Father of behavior genetics. Studied eminence and pedigree.
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Mendel
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Experimented on garden peas. Found pairs of "factors" aka genes that determined offspring characteristics
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Chromosomes
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Strand of DNA (23 pairs)
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Genes
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Segment of DNA with instructions for a protein
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Colorblindness
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Gene is recessive and only on the X chromosome so it is more likely to be expressed in males because they only have one X while women have 2 Xs
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup
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Phenotype
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Observable characteristics
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Heritability
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Percentage of variability of a characteristic accounted for by genetics
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Phenlyketonuria (pku)
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A recessive genetic disease involving a malfunctioning enzyme. On a normal diet, toxic chemicals build up = mental retardation, but with a special diet the buildup is prevented (intervention).
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Evolutionary theory
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Environmental problems, competition for scarce resources. Selection of fittest PHENOTYPE. Depends on reproductive success
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Reproductive advantage
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Future generations come to resemble those who are more "reproductively fit"
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Natural selection
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The variation allows the individual to reproduce more successfully than those lacking the variation, not survival of the fittest
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Encephalization
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ratio of brain size to body mass
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Bipedalism
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Ability to walk upright
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Evolutionary Psychology
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A field that relates social behaviors of a species to its biology, particularly to its evolutionary history
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Sexual strategies theory (Buss and Schmitt 1993)
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Concerns the mating strategies adopted by women and men. Women and men can adopt either short-term or long-term mating strategy. Human mating as inherently strategy.
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Caveats
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Natural selection as amaoral. Men choose long-term, women short-term
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Central Nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord
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Reflex
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Signal does not go right to brain, goes to motor neuron
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Peripheral Nervous system
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Extension of nerve cells reaching out from CNA
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Somatic nervous system
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Info to and from skin and voluntary muscles
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Autonomic nervous system
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Controls heart, stomach, other involuntary muscles
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Sympathetic
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Mobilizes lots of energy, "fight or flight" response
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Parasympathetic
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Slows down for maintanence, digestion, growth and reproduction
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Brainstem
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Above the spinal cord
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Medulla
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Controls vegetative functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
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Pons
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Sends messages from the brain stem to the cerebellum
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Reticular formation
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Arouses cerebral cortex, keeps brain awake during sleep
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Cerebellum
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Coordinates movement, shifts attention
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Thalamus
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Sensory relay to cerebral cortex
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Limbic system
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mediates behaviors, emotions, memory
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Hypothalamus
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Feeding, feeling, fighting, fucking
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Hippocampus
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Memory
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Amygdala
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Emotional control, memory, threat/danger
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Cerebral cortex
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Senses and motor skills
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Parietal love
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behind frontal lobe by central sulcus and in front of occipital lobe, has the sensory cortex
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Temporal lobe
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auditory, at temples
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Frontal lobe
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In front of brain, contains broca's area and motor cortex
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Broca's Area
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Speech
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Primary motor cortex
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receives motor information
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Association areas
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make sense of the stimuli received
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Regular association
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part of brain that receives the info from the hand is next to the part of the brain that receives info from the arm
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Proportional representation
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There is a larger area for the fingers than the arm because it makes more sense
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Contralateral projection
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Areas control opposite side of the body
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Corpus callosum
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A thick band of axons that connect the two hemispheres
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Effect of split brains
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If word is on right side, it goes to left brain, cant say what they saw but they can write it with left hand. If the word is on the left side it goes to the right brain and they can say what the word is but they cant write it
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Endocrine system
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Network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones
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Hormones
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Chemical signals
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Cell body (soma)
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big ball part of neuron
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Dendrites
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Thin tree-like branches that come off soma and receive messages from the axon
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Axon
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One long brance coming off the soma, sends messages to other neurons
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Terminal button
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On the end of the axon, it contains the neurotransmitters that are released when it binds at a synapse
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Glia
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Myelin sheath wraps around the axon to insulate it, and prevent any charage from leaking out as the action potential goes down it
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Action potential
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A firing down the axon by ions entering and leaving the cell that changes the charge on the cell
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Resting potential
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fluid inside polarized compare to fluid outsid
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Excitatory input
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Fire action portential
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Inhibitory input
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Don't fire action potential
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All-or-none law
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The size of the action potential is unaffected by the intensity of stimulation above the threshold
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Refractory period
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Point after action potential when another action potential can not be started
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Synapse
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The gap where the terminal button of the axon meets the dendrites
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Synaptic transmission
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Terminal button releases neurotransmitters to be received in the receptors in the post-synaptic dendrite
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Neurotransmitter
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A chemical message interchanged between neurons
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Presynaptic neuron
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The neuron that is sending the message
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Postsynaptic neuron
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The neuron that is receiving the message
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Plasticity
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Changes in the performance of the brain
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Neurogenesis
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The production of new brain cells from stem cells
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Perceptual organization
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The stage when a percept of the stimulus is deveolped
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Identification/recognition
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stage when meaning is assigned to the perception
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Distal Stimulus
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An object out in the world
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Proximal stimulus
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Patterns of stimulation on sensory apparatus that emanate from distal stimulus; sensations
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Transduction
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Conversion of physical energy to neural impulses
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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Wavelengthes of 400-700nm
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Cornea
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Focuses Light
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Pupil
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Where light enters
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Iris
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Muscle that changes opening of the pupil
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Lens
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accommodates close/far objects (changes in thickness)
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Retina
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In back of eye, has photoreceptors
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Cones
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detailed vision, in center, three colors (blue, green, red)
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Rods
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Sensitive, not specific, for dark, 90% of receptors, in peripheral
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Fovea
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Concentrated cones in center of the retina
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Dark adaptation
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neurons only need a few rods to fire to see dim light
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Optic nerve
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axons of ganglion cells
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Bipolar cells
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nerve cells that combine impulses from many receptors and transmit the results to gangliion cells
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Ganglion cells
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Cells in the visual system that integrate impulses from many bipolar cells in a single firing rate
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Visual cortex
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where visual stimulus info is processed
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Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision
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Perception depends on firing of three cones, trichromatic
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Opponent-process theory of color vision
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Bipolar cells organize visual information into paired opposites
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Negative afterimage
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Cones get fatigued after prolonged exposure so opposite cone fires stronger than the tired cone.
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Retinal disparity
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The farther from an object, the bigger the difference that the two eyes see
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Convergence
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The more your eyes turn in, the closer the object
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Relative size
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Larger objects seem closer
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Texture gradient
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Texture is coarse for close objects, fine for far objects
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Interposition
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Closer objects overlap farther objects
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Height in plane
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near objects are low in plabe, far ones are high
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Feature detectors (aka receptive fields)
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Specific neurons in brain respond only to very simple stimuli
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Gestalt Psychologoy
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Focus is on overall patterns of an image
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Reversible figures
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background and foreground are different images
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Proximity
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Grouping by what is closest
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Similarity
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Grouping by what is most similar
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Good continuation
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Seeing lines are continuous even when interrupted
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Closure
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Filling in gaps to make a whole
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Common fate
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Things that move together belong together
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Cultural/Contextual effects on perception
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People from rural areas less susceptible to optical illusions, people with less education are less familiar with such clues
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Hearing
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Changes in pressure from vibrating objects in a combination of sine wavess
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Pitch
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High or low sound determined by frequency
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Loudness
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Physical intensity detemined by amplitude
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Timbre
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Components of complex sound waves
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Auditory cortex
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Area of the brain that receives auditory info (temporal lobe)
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Sound localization
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The auditory processes that allow the spatial origins of environmental sounds
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Smell
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Never impulses to olfactory bulb
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Pheromones
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Chemical substances used within a species to signal sexual receptivity, danger, territory bounds, and food sources
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Taste buds
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Clusters of taste receptors
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Cutaneous senses
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Nerve endings that produce sensations of pressure, heat, cold
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Gate theory of pain
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Cells in the spinal cord act as gates, interrupting and blocking pain signals and letting others get through
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Endorphins
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Control the experience of pain, reduces pain
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Vestibular sense
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Tells you how your body (esp head) is oriented with respect to gravity
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Kinesthetic sense
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provides constant sensory feedback about what the body is doing during motor activities
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Goal-directed selection
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The choices to make reflect your goals
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Stimulus-driven capture
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Stimulus in environment capture your attention
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Dichotic listening
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An experimental technique in which a different auditory stimulus is simultaneously presented to each ear
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Perceptual constancies
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People see the world as invariable, constant and stable despite changes in stimulation of sensory receptors
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Size
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The ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal image
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Shape
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When you perceive an objects actual shape even when its slanted away making the retinal image different from the object
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Lightness
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Tendency to perceive whiteness, grayness or blackness of objects as constant across changing levels of illumination
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Subliminal perception
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Perception in the absence of concurrent phenomenal experience
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Subliminal influence
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The effect of words or images that are perceived subliminally
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