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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
universal human needs |
survival, love/acceptance, power, freedom, fun |
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what is a relationship? |
connection between 2 things |
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intimate relationship |
knowledge, caring, interdependence, mutuality, trust, commitment |
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culture influences on intimate relationships |
influence norms and value. Technology. sex ratio
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technology on relationships |
greater opportunity to connect but shallow |
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experience on intimate relationships |
attachment style |
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attachment style |
determined by interaction between child and caregiver. |
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internal working model |
cared and loved = secure attachment. caregiver is unpredictable = insecure attachment: don't trust, people dangerous. |
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primary attachment |
primary caregiver. mom and dad for baby. orientation toward relationships that are learned. stable over time but flexible |
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secure attachment |
low fear of abandonment and low avoidance of intimacy. Ex- it is easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. I don't worry about being alone or having others not accept me. Optimistic and sociable |
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preoccuppied attachment |
afraid their partner will leave. low avoidance of intimacy, engage in relationship. Ex- I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but i often find that others are reluctant to get as close as i would like. i am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but i sometimes worry that others don't value me as much as i value them. Needy and jealous |
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fearful attachment |
concerned with rejection, afraid, don't engage in relationship. High avoidance of intimacy and high fear of abandonment. Ex- I am uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but i find it difficult to trust others completely or depend on them . i worry that i will be hurt if i allow myself to become too close to others. suspicious and shy |
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dismissing attachment |
uncomfortable with someone relaying on them rather be independent, not in relationships. High avoidance of intimacy and low fear of abandonment. I am comfortable without close relationships. it is very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient, and i prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me. indifferent and independent |
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woman more expressive |
cheerful, affectionate, loyal, gentle |
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Men more instrumental |
agressive, assertive, forceful, competitive |
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neutral |
adaptive, friendly, happy |
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big five personality |
extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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extraversion |
High: outgoing, comfortable in large groups Low: shy, uncomfortable in large groups, prefer small groups |
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conscientiousness |
High: aware of others needs, respectful, hard-working, gift-givers Low: don't care about others, disrespectful, lazy workers |
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openness |
High: open to new experiences, imagitive, creative, artist Low: not open to new experiences, not creative, dull |
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agreeableness |
High: positive Low: Negative |
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Neuroticism |
High: moody, temper, anxiety Low: easy-going, no temper Matters most in relationships |
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interaction |
act different in different relationships. interaction between the relationships and the environment |
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steps to research |
identify a phenomenon - research question - obtain participants - design study - analyze data |
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identify a phenomenon |
theory. previous research, social issues - what's happening in the world. personal interest or experience - what's interesting |
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research question |
hypothesis. what do you want to know about? a statement that can be tested |
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description research question |
describe experience. a "what" question |
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explanation research question |
a "why" question |
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obtain participants |
sample. can't take everyone. take some or "sample" |
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convenience sample |
people that are convenient for researchers that fit the criteria. Local, cheaper, easy to find. Hard to generalize information. leaving out huge parts of a population |
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representative sample |
sample has same proportion of characteristics. easy to generalize. expensive, hard, not common, is great if can do it. |
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design study |
experimental or correlation |
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experiemental study |
only cause and effect. random assignment to groups. key aspects the same. control everything but one manipulated variable. hard to do in relationship studies |
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correlational study |
effect size. Helps predict what will happen. |
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negative correlation |
opposite direction |
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positive correlation |
same direction |
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effect size |
1to-1 perfect correlation. ex- .8 is a strong correlation, .2 is weak. the higher the stronger, the lower the weaker. 0 = no correlation |
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developmental |
how it changes over time? cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective. NO PERFECT DESIGN |
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cross-sectional |
ask 20yr, 40yr, 60 yr, How satisfy in relationship? All people at one time. cons: variations in people, generational difference. |
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longitudinal |
ask person same question when 20, 40, 60. cons: time consuming, generation difference, expensive and lose people (death) |
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retrospective |
ask at one time, what is it like then and what is it like now? less expensive, less time-consuming. cons - selective memory, forget, not reliable, mood |
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choose a setting |
natural or labratory |
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type of data |
self-report, observation, physiological |
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self-report |
report own thoughts. self-questionaire, self-survey |
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observational |
researcher reports data, watch people |
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physiological |
heart rate, arousal, sweaty palms, brain scans, MRI |
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archives/document |
look at journals, documents of back and look |
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third-party report |
teacher to kid, report on someone else |
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quality of data |
reliability, validity, no bias |
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reliability |
consenstent, can always be wrong or can always be right. ex- always hitting same spot. reliable - always same spot on bullseye, can be invalid
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validity |
accuracy. ex - want to know true weight. measure what its suppose to measure. valid vs. invalid. valid has to be reliable |
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bias |
anything that will skew results |
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selection bias |
people who want to take the study might be different than those who don't. |
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social-desire ability bias |
scared people will judge you the truth. sensitive subjects (sex) make people tweak answers. change response to fulfill culture norms |
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self-serving bias |
don't see ourselves differently. ex- Take people who are violent in intimate relationships, say they only hit once. researcher says actually 5 times. They don't think they are bad and believe telling truth (when really not). ex- They think they are better than they actually are. |
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attraction |
the desire to approach |
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what makes someone attractive? |
rewards, beauty, similarity, proximity, reciprocity |
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rewards |
direct vs indirect. someone to talk too. support system. someone to tell you they love you. |
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direct rewards |
very direct. we are aware of them. the more direct rewards the more attractive |
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indirect |
subconscious rewards. Automatically comfortable. reminds you of someone. not aware of these rewards. |
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proximity |
location influences who we interact with. familiar increases liking. |
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exceptions to proximity |
Negative interaction - annoying over saturation - ex: progressive commercials |
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long-distance relationships |
less satisfying and less stable than close-distance relationships; financial, emotional obstacles. |
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online relationships |
impression management - idealized image - disappointment and decreased attraction |
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beauty for females |
youthful, big eyes, small nose, full lips, big smiles, prominent cheekbones, long hair. Symmetrical. .7 hip to waist ration. average weight. ovulation. appears to be born with us |
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beauty for males for fertile women |
strong jaws, broad forehead (for fertile women) ex - channing tatum
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beauty for males for non fertile women |
soft jaw, youthful ex - Justin bieber |
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all male beauty |
.9 waist to hip ratio, 12 shoulder to hip ratio. taller than the women. Beauty standards and stereotypes rarely consisted across cultures |
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beauty |
important for both sexes. especially for men, high self-monitors. |
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high self monitors |
monitor themselves to fit in, shallow |
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low-self monitor |
doesn't monitor themselves |
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matching matters |
pretty people like other pretty people |
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pretty people |
assumption that beautiful people are similar to us and posses desirable qualities. being pretty provides more social benefits for men than for women. attractive people tend to be more mistrusting of others than plain people. |
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contrast effect |
when we look at super pretty people, plain people seem even uglier and extremely unattractive |
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reciprocity |
greater attraction when it is likely our interest will be returned. cruel towards each other is reciprocal. |
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matching matters |
same interest, same self-disclosure/tone, same mate value |
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mate value |
ability to pick up mates, socially influenced. Mate values need to match and reciprocate. when don't match either overbeneifitted or underbenefitted |
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high-mate value |
lots to offer someone, many assests |
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low-mate value |
not much to offer, less assests |
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similarity |
generally the greater the similarity, the greater attraction. Demographics, attitudes/values, personalities, attachment style. takes time to discover unsimilarity |
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actual similarity |
real life similarity |
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percieved similarity |
how similar you think your relationship is. matters most. the more perceived similarity the more agreeableness. the meaning attached to the difference makes it less different. assume similarly. idealize partner. |
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stimulus - value - role |
stimulus high in beginning and decreases. value is high in middle role is low in beginning and gets higher |
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fatal attraction |
what made us attracted is now making us unattracted |
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knowledge in intimate relationships |
intimate partners have extensive personal, often confidential knowledge of one another. |
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caring in intimate relationships |
they care about each other, feeling more affection for one another than they do for most others |
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interdependence in intimate relationships |
the extent to which they need and influence each other. |
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mutuality in intimate relationships |
they recognize the overlap between their lives and think as themselves as "us" instead of "me" and "her" |
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trust in intimate relationships |
the expectation that an intimate partner will treat one fairly and honorable. |
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committed in intimate relationships |
expect partnerships to continue indefinitely and they invest the time, effort, and resources that are needed to realize the goal |
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Need to belong |
there is a human need to belong in close relationships and if the need is not met, a variety of problems follows. We need affection and acceptance. People live healthier, longer lives when this need is met. |
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sources of change |
economics, individualism, technology, |
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economics |
able to have better relationships the more industrialized and affluent they become |
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individualism |
the support of self-expression and the emphasis on personal fulfillment |
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technology |
sperm banks, birth control, |
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sex ratio |
a simple count of the number of men for every 100 women in a specific population |
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anxious-ambivalent attachment |
being uncertain of when or if a departing caregiver would return, such children became nervous and clingy, displaying excessive neediness in their relationships with others |
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avoidant attachment |
avoid ant children often suspicious of and angry at others, and they did not easily form trusting, close relationships |
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gender roles |
the expected behavior that are culturally expected of "normal" men and women |
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androgynous |
People that posse both sets of the competencies that are stereotypically associated with being male and with being female |
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sociometer |
if others regard us positively, self-esteem is high, but if others don't want to associate with us, self-esteem is low. |
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do opposites attract? |
no. rather have a similar partner. |
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complementarity |
reactions that provide a food fit to our own. when two partners have different skills, each is usually happy to allow the other to take the lead on those tasks at which the other is more talented. example: dominance and submission. |
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what do men and women want? |
warmth and loyalty, attractiveness and vitality, status and resources |
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the romeo and juliet effect |
the more their parents interfere with their romance, the more love the teens feel for their partners. |