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105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

universal human needs

survival, love/acceptance, power, freedom, fun

what is a relationship?

connection between 2 things

intimate relationship

knowledge, caring, interdependence, mutuality, trust, commitment

culture influences on intimate relationships

influence norms and value. Technology. sex ratio


technology on relationships

greater opportunity to connect but shallow

experience on intimate relationships

attachment style

attachment style

determined by interaction between child and caregiver.

internal working model

cared and loved = secure attachment. caregiver is unpredictable = insecure attachment: don't trust, people dangerous.

primary attachment

primary caregiver. mom and dad for baby. orientation toward relationships that are learned. stable over time but flexible

secure attachment

low fear of abandonment and low avoidance of intimacy. Ex- it is easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. I don't worry about being alone or having others not accept me. Optimistic and sociable

preoccuppied attachment

afraid their partner will leave. low avoidance of intimacy, engage in relationship. Ex- I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but i often find that others are reluctant to get as close as i would like. i am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but i sometimes worry that others don't value me as much as i value them. Needy and jealous

fearful attachment

concerned with rejection, afraid, don't engage in relationship. High avoidance of intimacy and high fear of abandonment. Ex- I am uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but i find it difficult to trust others completely or depend on them . i worry that i will be hurt if i allow myself to become too close to others. suspicious and shy

dismissing attachment

uncomfortable with someone relaying on them rather be independent, not in relationships. High avoidance of intimacy and low fear of abandonment. I am comfortable without close relationships. it is very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient, and i prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me. indifferent and independent

woman more expressive

cheerful, affectionate, loyal, gentle

Men more instrumental

agressive, assertive, forceful, competitive

neutral

adaptive, friendly, happy

big five personality

extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, neuroticism

extraversion

High: outgoing, comfortable in large groups


Low: shy, uncomfortable in large groups, prefer small groups

conscientiousness

High: aware of others needs, respectful, hard-working, gift-givers


Low: don't care about others, disrespectful, lazy workers

openness

High: open to new experiences, imagitive, creative, artist


Low: not open to new experiences, not creative, dull

agreeableness

High: positive


Low: Negative

Neuroticism

High: moody, temper, anxiety


Low: easy-going, no temper


Matters most in relationships

interaction

act different in different relationships. interaction between the relationships and the environment

steps to research

identify a phenomenon - research question - obtain participants - design study - analyze data

identify a phenomenon

theory. previous research, social issues - what's happening in the world. personal interest or experience - what's interesting

research question

hypothesis. what do you want to know about? a statement that can be tested

description research question

describe experience. a "what" question

explanation research question

a "why" question

obtain participants

sample. can't take everyone. take some or "sample"

convenience sample

people that are convenient for researchers that fit the criteria. Local, cheaper, easy to find. Hard to generalize information. leaving out huge parts of a population

representative sample

sample has same proportion of characteristics. easy to generalize. expensive, hard, not common, is great if can do it.

design study

experimental or correlation

experiemental study

only cause and effect. random assignment to groups. key aspects the same. control everything but one manipulated variable. hard to do in relationship studies

correlational study

effect size. Helps predict what will happen.

negative correlation

opposite direction

positive correlation

same direction

effect size

1to-1 perfect correlation. ex- .8 is a strong correlation, .2 is weak. the higher the stronger, the lower the weaker. 0 = no correlation

developmental

how it changes over time? cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective. NO PERFECT DESIGN

cross-sectional

ask 20yr, 40yr, 60 yr, How satisfy in relationship? All people at one time. cons: variations in people, generational difference.

longitudinal

ask person same question when 20, 40, 60. cons: time consuming, generation difference, expensive and lose people (death)

retrospective

ask at one time, what is it like then and what is it like now? less expensive, less time-consuming. cons - selective memory, forget, not reliable, mood

choose a setting

natural or labratory

type of data

self-report, observation, physiological

self-report

report own thoughts. self-questionaire, self-survey

observational

researcher reports data, watch people

physiological

heart rate, arousal, sweaty palms, brain scans, MRI

archives/document

look at journals, documents of back and look

third-party report

teacher to kid, report on someone else

quality of data

reliability, validity, no bias

reliability

consenstent, can always be wrong or can always be right. ex- always hitting same spot. reliable - always same spot on bullseye, can be invalid


validity

accuracy. ex - want to know true weight. measure what its suppose to measure. valid vs. invalid. valid has to be reliable

bias

anything that will skew results

selection bias

people who want to take the study might be different than those who don't.

social-desire ability bias

scared people will judge you the truth. sensitive subjects (sex) make people tweak answers. change response to fulfill culture norms

self-serving bias

don't see ourselves differently. ex- Take people who are violent in intimate relationships, say they only hit once. researcher says actually 5 times. They don't think they are bad and believe telling truth (when really not). ex- They think they are better than they actually are.

attraction

the desire to approach

what makes someone attractive?

rewards, beauty, similarity, proximity, reciprocity

rewards

direct vs indirect. someone to talk too. support system. someone to tell you they love you.

direct rewards

very direct. we are aware of them. the more direct rewards the more attractive

indirect

subconscious rewards. Automatically comfortable. reminds you of someone. not aware of these rewards.

proximity

location influences who we interact with. familiar increases liking.

exceptions to proximity

Negative interaction - annoying


over saturation - ex: progressive commercials

long-distance relationships

less satisfying and less stable than close-distance relationships; financial, emotional obstacles.

online relationships

impression management - idealized image - disappointment and decreased attraction

beauty for females

youthful, big eyes, small nose, full lips, big smiles, prominent cheekbones, long hair. Symmetrical. .7 hip to waist ration. average weight. ovulation. appears to be born with us

beauty for males for fertile women

strong jaws, broad forehead (for fertile women)


ex - channing tatum


beauty for males for non fertile women

soft jaw, youthful


ex - Justin bieber

all male beauty

.9 waist to hip ratio, 12 shoulder to hip ratio. taller than the women. Beauty standards and stereotypes rarely consisted across cultures

beauty

important for both sexes. especially for men, high self-monitors.

high self monitors

monitor themselves to fit in, shallow

low-self monitor

doesn't monitor themselves

matching matters

pretty people like other pretty people

pretty people

assumption that beautiful people are similar to us and posses desirable qualities. being pretty provides more social benefits for men than for women. attractive people tend to be more mistrusting of others than plain people.

contrast effect

when we look at super pretty people, plain people seem even uglier and extremely unattractive

reciprocity

greater attraction when it is likely our interest will be returned. cruel towards each other is reciprocal.

matching matters

same interest, same self-disclosure/tone, same mate value

mate value

ability to pick up mates, socially influenced. Mate values need to match and reciprocate. when don't match either overbeneifitted or underbenefitted

high-mate value

lots to offer someone, many assests

low-mate value

not much to offer, less assests

similarity

generally the greater the similarity, the greater attraction. Demographics, attitudes/values, personalities, attachment style. takes time to discover unsimilarity

actual similarity

real life similarity

percieved similarity

how similar you think your relationship is. matters most. the more perceived similarity the more agreeableness. the meaning attached to the difference makes it less different. assume similarly. idealize partner.

stimulus - value - role

stimulus high in beginning and decreases.


value is high in middle


role is low in beginning and gets higher

fatal attraction

what made us attracted is now making us unattracted

knowledge in intimate relationships

intimate partners have extensive personal, often confidential knowledge of one another.

caring in intimate relationships

they care about each other, feeling more affection for one another than they do for most others

interdependence in intimate relationships

the extent to which they need and influence each other.

mutuality in intimate relationships

they recognize the overlap between their lives and think as themselves as "us" instead of "me" and "her"

trust in intimate relationships

the expectation that an intimate partner will treat one fairly and honorable.

committed in intimate relationships

expect partnerships to continue indefinitely and they invest the time, effort, and resources that are needed to realize the goal

Need to belong

there is a human need to belong in close relationships and if the need is not met, a variety of problems follows. We need affection and acceptance. People live healthier, longer lives when this need is met.

sources of change

economics, individualism, technology,

economics

able to have better relationships the more industrialized and affluent they become

individualism

the support of self-expression and the emphasis on personal fulfillment

technology

sperm banks, birth control,

sex ratio

a simple count of the number of men for every 100 women in a specific population

anxious-ambivalent attachment

being uncertain of when or if a departing caregiver would return, such children became nervous and clingy, displaying excessive neediness in their relationships with others

avoidant attachment

avoid ant children often suspicious of and angry at others, and they did not easily form trusting, close relationships

gender roles

the expected behavior that are culturally expected of "normal" men and women

androgynous

People that posse both sets of the competencies that are stereotypically associated with being male and with being female

sociometer

if others regard us positively, self-esteem is high, but if others don't want to associate with us, self-esteem is low.

do opposites attract?

no. rather have a similar partner.

complementarity

reactions that provide a food fit to our own. when two partners have different skills, each is usually happy to allow the other to take the lead on those tasks at which the other is more talented. example: dominance and submission.

what do men and women want?

warmth and loyalty, attractiveness and vitality, status and resources

the romeo and juliet effect

the more their parents interfere with their romance, the more love the teens feel for their partners.