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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attraction & Friendship Choice |
Factors which help initiate & sustain friendships: 1. Proximity 2. Physical attractiveness 3. Similarity 4. Feeling Liked |
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1. Proximity |
- live near us/ work with - Encourage interaction - enable to discover common interest & views - important in early stages of forming relationships - familiarity - availability |
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2. Physical Attractiveness |
- powerful effect especially in intimate sexual relationship - presume people who are physically attractive possess socially desirable traits - Smarter, Kind - known as "physical attractiveness stereotype" - No universal definition of physical attractiveness - some agreement that face that is symmetry considered more attractive |
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3. Similarity |
- tend to be attracted to others who are like themselves - similarity influence initial attraction - greater the similarity, greater the happiness |
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4. Reciprocity Principle |
- We tend to like those who like us |
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Theories of Attraction |
1. Reward Theory 2. Social exchange theory 3. Equity Theory 4. Evolutionary Theory |
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1. Reward Theory |
- focus on rewards the relationship provides - like those who reward us/associate with rewarding events - Eg. Proximity is rewarding as cost less time & effort to be friends with someone who lives/works close - Eg. Attractive people have desirable attributes so we will be rewarded by associating with them - helps us understand why people tend to be attracted to people who are warm, dependable and responsive - try to continue relationships which offer a greater reward than other potential relationship |
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2. Social Exchange Theory |
- Ratio betw. costs of participating in relationship & rewards it generates - try to develope an interaction pattern that is rational & mutually beneficial - Rewards: Satisfaction, Pleasure - Costs: Time, effort, expenditure - Individual differences in what regard as rewards & costs |
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Reciprocity |
- most basic cultural norm - return goods/services/favours they have given to us culture with 'Strong' norm: - help those who have helped us Culture with 'weak' norm: - not to hurt those who have assisted us |
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Personal info |
- can be received or given to other in exchange - referred to as "self-disclosure" - seen as a reward - tend to balanced with those received in return - |
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Minimax Strategy |
- try to maximise rewards while minimising costs - good relationship = Rewards > Cost - unsatisfactory relationship = Rewards < Cost |
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Assessing Profit generated & Comparison Level |
- against our own idiosyncratic comparison level - develops over time and product of our past experience Comparison level - Average value of all outcomes of our relationships and product of past experiences with the other parties in similar interaction exchanges - varies across different kinds of relationships, contexts and time - CL for alternatives compares new opp with current relationships - if new relationship higher profit, may tempt to pursue it |
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3. Equity Theory |
- exists when each person's rewards relative to inputs are equal to every other person's rewards relative to inputs - interpretation of Fairness - A's outcome/A's input = B's outcome/B's input - if not equitable, feels dissatisfied - Equity is not the same as Equality - can be applied to relationships with mutual exchange of resources (Marriage relationship) and to transactions in which limited resources must be distributed (Divorce settlement) |
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3. Equity Theory - application |
- wide range of situations - eg. workplace & social interactions & various forms of relationships - equity achieved when rewards proportionate to investment |
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Solving Inequity |
- inequity causes unpleasant consequences - if receive less than deserved, feel exploited, angry - if receive more than deserved, feels guilty - change either contribution or gain, or change perception of inputs & outcome to solve Inequity - if none work, relationship may end |
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Criticisms of Equity Theory |
- not all relationships analysable in terms of equity - close & intimate relationship = equity less important - they reward partners bcos they are concerned with their welfare and demonstrate love and care about their partner |
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4. Evolutionary Perspective |
- important natural differences between males & females - considers the genetic roots and to reflect the different pressures male & females face during evolutionary forces - 2 forces: Natural Selection & Sexual Selection |
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Sexual Selection |
- maximise the possibility of perpetuating their own genes - leads to men favouring young, healthy & fertile women - leads to women favouring men with resources to protect them & their offspring - men go for number of sexual partners - women go for quality of partner |
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Evolutionary theory Pro & Con |
Pro - there is Considerable empirical support Con - Oversimplification of extremely complex behaviour |
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Understanding relationships & their significance |
- having a portfolio of social & intimate relationship is good for physical & mental health - improve overall quality of life and sense of well-being - relationship dissatisfaction can make you feel lonely - causing psychological distress |
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Relationship Maintenance & breakdown |
- maintaining relationship need considerable time & effort - Stability of relationship linked to attachment |
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Attachment & Relationship |
- how people form & maintain relationships influenced by nature of their early childhood attachments to primary caregiver 1. Secure Attachment: more open to form new intimate relationships 2. Insecure attachment: more socially withdrawn, difficulty managing conflict 3. Anxious Attachment: perceive more conflict with their partners |
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Strategies to increase relationship satisfaction to sustain relationship |
- Increase no. of rewarding & positive behaviors - engage new & exciting activities - adjusting their perception & expectations of partners |
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Gender & cultural variation in relationship |
- men and women friendship differ - eg. content of disclosure - Sprecher & Toro-Morn (2002) - relationship beliefs influenced by both gender & culture - eg. chinese more idealistic & practical perspective on love than Americans |
