International Relations Chapter 1

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anarchic

Back 1

lacking a legitimate, hierarchical, enforceable structure of authority and control

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bilateral

Back 2

between two countries; two-sided

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conflict

Back 3

a state of disharmony or opposition

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cooperation

Back 4

joint operation or action

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crusade

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a holy war sanctioned by the Pope; a Christian military expedition to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims

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Diaspora

Back 6

the dispersion of people throughout the world from their original homeland

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the Enlightenment

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the period in European history (most associated with the 18th century) when philosophers sought to "enlighten" their counterparts by explaining how human reason could overcome tyranny, ignorance, and superstition; often perceived as a threat to religion and religious thought

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fragmentation

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used here to mean adherence to or embracing of regional and even local political authority, economic development, social and cultural associations, ethnic or national divisions, and so on; more generally, the act, process, or result of breaking something into small pieces

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Back 9

an agreement established in 1947 to encourage freer trade

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Genocide

Back 10

they systematic and deliberate extermination of a specific group of people, usually an ethnic, racial, religious, national, or political group

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globalization

Back 11

used here to mean increasing general connectivity and interdependence globally (culturally, technologically, politically, militarily, economically, etc.); often used in purely economic terms in reference to the increased mobility of goods, services, labor, technology, and capital throughout the world

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International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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established as part of the Bretton Woods system, the IMF is a global lending agency that originally was to aid industrialized nations in stabilizing their economies after the shocks of the Great Depression and WWII. Its goals today are promotion of market economies, free trade, and high growth rates.

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International Organization (IO)

Back 13

an international institution involving many different countries (e.g., the UN)

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international regimes

Back 14

international laws or norms that set the rules for cooperation

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liberalization

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in general, the reduction of government involvement, interference, or oversight; in economic terms, the reduction of government rules and regulations with regards to the private sector

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multilateral

Back 16

among three or more countries; many-sided; more than two-sided

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Multinational corporation (MNC)

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a commercial organization that spans many different states

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nation

Back 18

a group of people who share a common culture, history, and (often) language

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nationalism

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a love of, and pride in, one's nation; the belief in one's nation's superiority and, often, in its related rights and privileges (and sometimes responsibilities) internationally

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nongovernmental organization (NGO)

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an association that is not affiliated with any local, state, or national government

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norm

Back 21

a generally accepted rule or standard

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private sector

Back 22

the realm of nongovernmental economic activity; business

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Romanticism

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the period in European history that followed the Enlightenment, in which politics and the arts reverted 'romantically' to the ideals of the Middle Ages

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Romantic nationalism

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increases, during the Romantic period, in the embrace throughout Europe of national pride, including nationalistic ritual, propaganda, and symbolism based on language, ethnicity, and history

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secession

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a group's, territory's, or other subnational entity's withdrawal from political association with a country; breaking away

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subnational groups

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usually interest groups, often nongovernmental organizations, sometimes based on identity (ethnicity, religion, nationality, etc.), and always within a state

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Third World

Back 27

During the Cold War, terminology evolved in which the world was divided between the First World (the U.S. and its friends and allies), the Second War (the Soviet Union and its sphere of influence), and the Third World, unaligned states that sought to use their neutrality to insulate themselves from the U.S. -- Soviet competition or to manipulate the two superpowers

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trading blocs

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groups of states that set trade rules cooperatively, usually involving the reduction or elimination of trade restrictions within the bloc (perhaps the most famous example is the European Union; NAFTA is another)

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United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

Back 29

the fifteen-member council that makes binding decisions for the UN as a whole; it is composed of five permanent veto-holding members (the US, China, Russia, France, the UK) and ten nonpermanent members who have staggered two year terms; for a resolution to pass, it must receive nine affirmative votes and not be vetoed by any of the five permanent members

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weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

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chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons