Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trends in Armed Conflict
|
1 -Geographical concentration has been outside of Europe & North America. 90% of all conflicts have fallen in the Global South.
2 - Moving from interstate to intrastate. 3 - More terrorist activites (trending upwards). 4 - Duration of wars has decreased. 5 - Weapons available are far more destructive. 6 - Number of countries involved in a single conflict has decreased. 7 - Goals of warfare have changed. *8* - Introduction of nuclear weapons has played a major role. |
|
Explaining armed conflict between states: a levels of analysis approach.
|
Study written notes.
|
|
Explaining armed conflict within states: characteristics and causes of civil war.
|
Reasons:
1 - Increased number of independent states. 2 - More minority groups seeking autonomy or independence. 3 - Break-down of some states -->failed states with no gov't apperatus. Characteristics: 1 - Very servere and brutal. 2 - Long Duration 3 - Resistance to negotiated settlement Causes: 1 - Relative deprivation --> individuals within a society/state feel they are relatively undervalued vs. other groups in society will generate feelings of fustration & humiliation. 2 - Succestionist revolute 3 - ethnic warefare --> Yugoslavia 4 - Failed States 5 - Economic sources - when rapic economic growth takes place - middle class disappears "revolution of rising expectations" 6 - International contributions - ideology, break-up of colonies. |
|
National security & power
|
National Security - a countries compacity to resist external (& internal) threats to its physical survival or core values.
Power is relational & has 2 types 1 - Hard Power Capabilities - military - land size - population - economy 2 - Soft Power Capabilites - social & economic indicators - state administration - state education - intelligence collection - quality of leadership |
|
Relative burden of military spending
|
Ratio of defense spending to GNP
|
|
Defense converstion
|
Redirecting budget from military expendatures to internal development.
|
|
Efforts to attain power - 5 general categories.
|
1 - Trends in military spending
- over the long term it has been increasing - historically in real terms, wealthy countries spend the most on weapons - global south has increased spending & their share that they are spendind concentrated in the middle east. 2 - Arms trades trends - countries of the global south makeup a large amount of the recieving countries - tends to be mainly concentrated in the Middle East - The U.S. has become the uncontested supplier of weapons. - Increase of illegal arms trade - Suppliers Motivation --> profit, gain friends, help allies, maintain your own military industrial complex. 3 - Development of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. (See notes for countries) 4 - Technological Improvements 5 - Proliferation - number of countires having nuclear weapons - Nth country problem as the number of countries increase with nuclear weapons the probability of an accident or use increases - horizontal proliferation--># of countries w/nukes increases and vertical proliferation --># & types of nukes you have increases |
|
3 schools of thought on America's role in the world.
|
1 - Neo-Isolationalist - Pat Buchannan - do not get involved unless directly affected
2 - Realists - U.S. should stay involved in the world in order to maintain dominance. 3 - Internationalists - increase involvement for a better role in the world through multi-lateral organization with more emphasis on human rights and democracy. 4 - Democratic Realists (Bush administration) promote democracy through military might. More selective as to where to get involved w/more emphasis on unilateral means. |
|
Concepts of coercive diplomacy & security dilemma
|
Coercive Diplomacy - the threat or actual use of military capabilites to get what a state wants.
Three factors - 1 - Persuading others to do something that they would not otherwise do. 2 - Convince others to agree to threaties or conventions that are not to their advantage 3 - protecting themselves from attack by others. Security Dilemma - Peace must endour - Economic devlopment is vital to military security - Headed towards a multi-polar world. |
|
Deterrence and Compellence
|
Deterence - get others to continue not to do something
Compellence - to get someone to do what they woudl not otherwise do. Extended deterence - state promises to use military capabilites to deter attacks on others ALL RELY ON CREDABILITY OF THREAT |
|
Nuclear strategies
|
1 - 1st & 2nd strike capbilites - ability to reduce opponents ability to retaliate / also being able to absorb initial strike
2 - Brinkmanship - taking it all the way to the brink / threat until you force others to do what they would not other wise do. 3 - Massive retaliation - any attack will be countered by nukes 4 - MAD - Mutuall Assured Destruction - all parties must have 2nd strike and be willing to use it on military and non-military targets. 5 - NUTS - Nuclear Utilization Theory - we have them lets use them, if necessary they will be used, does not believe MAD will work, thinks nukes can be used in a war. |
|
Conventional Warfare
|
Armed conflict wages without nukes
|
|
Three levels of conflict.
|
1 - high intensity - global conflict
2 - middle/medium intesity - regional conflict 3 - low intesity - conflict that falls below the typical threshold of warfare but still invovles military units from different states |
|
4 types of Low Intensity Conflicts.
|
1 - counterinsurgency - U.S. would intervene to support a gov't against an insurgency
2 - pro-insurgency - use military to support an insurgency 3 - policy type action - military force is deployed to maintain calm 4 - military show of force. |
|
3 Elements of a crisis
|
1 - Threat of crisis is to the core-values of the decesion makers
2 - restricts the amount of decesion making time 3 - needs to be an element of surprise |
|
Economic sanctions
|
deliverate governmental action that inflicts economic depervation on a state or society through the use of economic means.
2 types - embargo(against 1) & boycott (against 2 or more) |
|
Alliances & 3 realist attitudes
|
A formal agreement among states to coordinate their behavior in teh event of a military emergency alined against a common enemy. Helps countries to increase their military capabilites by helping to dispense the defense burden.
3 realist attitudes - 1 - Benifital - helps to spread defense burden, deternce value, defense value, preclusion value - decreasing the # of possible allies for your enemy. 2 - Costs outway benifits 1 - entanglement - fighting a way you would not otherwise fight 2 - By joining an alliance my allies enemies are mine. 3 - loss of creative ambiguity - increases certainity rise up equal to an enemy 4 - secuity dilema - by increasing your own security you may actually be decreasing it 5 - joining alliances preserves existing rivalaries 3 - Alliances should be avoided 1 - allows states to act more aggressively then they otherwise would 2 - draws in neutral players 3 - efforts are required to manage the behavior of other alliance members 4 - alliances may increase a local conflict into a global conflagration |
|
Balance of power
|
Peace will result when military capabilites are distributed in such a way that no one state or combination of states is strong enough to dominate the others.
1 - increase your capabilites but negotiate instead of fight 2 - fight rather than fail to increase your capabiliites 3 - stop fighting rather than eliminate an essential actor 4 - oppose an actor or coalition that is becoming predominate in the system 5 - contain actors with supranational organizational principles (treaties or conventions) 6 - permit defeated or constrained essential actors to re-enter the system as acceptable parteners |