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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Sagan say about nuclear deterrance?
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Spread of nukes will INCREASE instability.
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Waltz uses the rational actor model to explain nuclear deterrance. What else does he say about nuclear warfare?
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Nukes are good; depends not on the nature of the country but the fact that they have nukes.
Mutually assured destruction prevents countries from nuking one another. |
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U.S./Soviet conflict
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bigger, sophisticated system
high-level civilian control no territorial disputes |
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India/Pakistan tension
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smaller nuclear arsenal
India: high civilian control Pakistan: everything controlled by military 50 dispute over Kashmir |
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What conclusions can be drawn about Iran?
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U.S. should forego efforts to replace Iranian regime
Preventative war WILL NOT work strategy of deterrance and containment will work |
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containment
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supporting countries near the enemy
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How are terrorists different from guerrillas?
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Terrorists DO NOT:
-function in the open -attempt to hold territory -exercise control over populace |
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How did U.S. foreign policy shift after 9/11?
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Shift from deterrance to preemption.
(Bush thought rogue states were run by madmen who couldn't be reasoned with.) |
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What might neo-realists say about terrorism?
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Terrorist threat is exaggerated. Rogue states and terrorists are different. Preemption escalates hostility.
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Counter-terrorism policy ideas
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-improve homeland security
-strengthen legal systems -promote democracy + human rights -address root causes of terrorism (i.e. poverty) |
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What is the dilemma between fighting terrorism and ethics?
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We don't want to live from constant threat of terrorism, NOR everyday wiretapping
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What is one of the ideas behind the clash of civilizations?
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Cultural characteristics are much less easily compromised than political goals.
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Fukuyama
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We have reached the end of history. Liberal democracy is the only remaining alternative for nations in post-Cold War world.
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What is Huntingdon the idealist of?
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Clash of Civilizations
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SINIC
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Confucian = Asian
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What is China's goal for the future?
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To reassert itself as a regional hegemon.
Two Koreas and Vietnam will bandwagon with China. |
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criticism against Huntingdon
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-Japan isn't included in Confucian civ.
-"civilization" is difficult to define -he neglected interactions between civilizations; they influence one another -many countries fight over economic and political concerns rather than civilizational |
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reductionism
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Huntingdon reduced geo-political, economic, and historical issues into simple cultural ones
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PROS for intervention in civil war
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Base decisions of intervention on each individual case, rather than adoptinga uniform policy
Follow norm of sovereignty with the exception of the violation of human rights Focus on providing humanitarian adit to victims first Use military force as a last resort |
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CONS for intervention in civil war
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-could cause retaliation from group
-economic development of needy country can be diminished -could create dependency -Differing agendas Foreign intervention could potentially cause the group being aided to be taken advantage of, or participating in practices they may have been unprepared for, by the intervening group |
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humanitarian intervention
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The use of diplomatic, economic, and military resources by one or more states or IOs intended primarily to protect civilians who are endangered in another state
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How are humanitarian intervention and human rights intervention contradictory?
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Humanitarian intervention may exacerbate violations of human rights.
There's a trade-off between peace and justice. |
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What is the MOST COMMON military intervention?
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impartial, limited force
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Ethnic identity: primordialism
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-based on ancient hatreds and perceptions of identities
solution: partition secured by equal balance of power |
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instrumentalism
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-ethnicity in conflicts is used as an instrumental tool employed by groups to gain power
EX: Yugoslavia (shift from socialism to nationalism) |
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solutions for instrumentalism
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Federalism- a way to decentralize power to accomadate ethnic differences
stimulation of economy |
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constructivism
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ethnic identities are changeable
EX: Tutsis/Hutus were socially designated by Westerners in Rwanda Solution: creation of multi-racial society? |
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Ethnic security is greatest when demography is most intermixed; weakest when separate
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:)
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Kaufman's possible solutions to ethnic civil wars
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1. suppression- victory of one side or another
2.reconstruction of ethnic identities 3.power-sharing 4. state-building |
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-we shouldn't invade dictatorship or turn it into a democracy
- nations around the world are gradually becoming more democratic on their own |
James L. Payne's views on intervention
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Universal Declaration of human rights was VOLUNTARILY accepted; has no force of law. True or false?
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TRUE
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1980-1988: Saddam uses biochemical warfare on Kurds yet U.S. remained silent on the issue.
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TRUE
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international organizations
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created and joined by governments; make collective decisions
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NGO
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organizations of private citizens who work towards common goal
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transnational advocacy network
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it it's tough to work through the government, NGOs bypass state and find allies to bring pressure on the state that wouldn't help them
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informational politics
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using information to "name and shame"
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symbolic politics
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use of symbolic events as catalysts for growth
Ex. Indigenous people’s use of 1992, the 500th anniversary of the voyage of Columbus to the Americas |
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leverage politics
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money, goods, vote in IOs, etc.
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accountability politics
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people hold governments accountable to their word
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Do international norms have influence?
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Constructivists- YES!
Realists: No. Still national actors and interests. |
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1."Overload problem" (Adam Roberts)
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UN can more effectively dal with issues than regional organizations
States prefer multilateral approach for the international use of force |
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2. How is the character of conflict changing?
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states vs. states --> now, more civil wars
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3. Limited harmony among major powers
Ex. China: Fear of foreign subversion, belief in state sovereignty, identification with developing states 4. Security council structure is unfair 5. Problem of organizing enforcement actions. Who will donate troops?? |
other points Adam Roberts makes
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current world order is much more institutionalized
economy is more dependent on trade |
John Ikenberry's beliefs
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minilateralism
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smallest number of countries needed to have the largest possible impact on solving a particular problem
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horizontal networks
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networks between high-level officials
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vertical networks
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citizens chose to delegate their authority to high organization above the states
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specific factor model
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capital is immobile (it's specific to it's industry)
labor CAN shift, however |
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heckscher-ohlin model
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both labor AND capital are mobile
(countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factors of production) |
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stopler-samuelson theorem
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Trade will benefit who own the abundant factors and hurt owners of scarce factorsthem
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We have industrial cleavage instead of class cleavage; workers and owners band together within their industry
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TRUE
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liberalism is associated with..
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individuals seeking self-interest
specialization according to comparative advantage, free trade nature of economic relations: harmonious (positive-sum game) |
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mercantilism is associated with..
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nation states
government economic policy (protection/development strategy) primacy of politics and strong role of government it is a ZERO-SUM game |
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Gilpin's hegemonic stability theory
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a liberal international economy requires a power to manage and stabilize the system
ex: instability during WW's b/c there was no hegemon |
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What are the twin deficits that may cause U.S. decline?
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fiscal (government spending)
trade (more import than export) |
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classical economic theory
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specialization enhances productivity
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new trade theory
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high economic interaction speeds absorption of frontier technologies
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off-shoring
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internal relocation of a company's manufacturing activities into components
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What are the three industrial revolutions according to Allan S. Binder?
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1st- agriculture -> manufacturing
2nd- manufacturing -> services 3rd- services -> information |
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1st financial regime according to Robert Wade
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Keynesian and Bretton Woods system-
strong gov't role gold standard embedded liberalism that sanctions market allocation? |
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2nd financial regime (Robert Wade)
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Neoliberalism/Washington Consensus
-liberalization -privatization -deregulation -ROLLBACK OF GOV'T. INTERVENTION |
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empire
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domestically ruled by an emperor; pursuing conquest, colonialization + expansion
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YES, U.S. is an empire
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there's history of colonialism
used self-determination to break up other empires current IO design is meant to preserve U.S. interest |
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NO, U.S. is NOT an empire..
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supports democracy
concept of empire isn't popular in the U.S. (think Vietnam) the modern world is too complex to be controlled by one power |
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innocent self-image of U.S. based on myth
U.S. can be too militaristic (Iraq) or reluctant hegemon (WWII) |
Robert Kagan's beliefs
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"The U.S. only became the U.S. because it annexed lots of land during the 19th century"
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Michael Cox
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Current 3 methods that U.S. uses to exert control
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1. international trade
2. still self-determination to break up other countries 3. (rhetoric) U.S. actions can't be directly called imperialistic |
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Truman Doctrine (1947) allowed U.S. to hunt down enemies
9/11 was used as an excuse to refashion the world |
:)
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Primacist/Exceptionalist argument #1 (Wohlforth)
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Unipolarity is peaceful and stable.
1. U.S. is too great to be counterbalanced. 2. The current unipolarity is prone to peace. 3. The current unipolarity is durable. 4. U.S. has a geographic advantage. |
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primacists/exceptionalist argument #2 (Stephen Walt)
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balance of threat- if U.S. is perceived as non-threatening, then unipolarity can be maintained
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primacists/exceptionalist argument #3 (Joseph Nye, John Ikenberry)
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Bandwagoning is an attractive option with the hegemon is mature, status quo power with a restrained and accomodating strategy
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soft balancing
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use of diplomacy, IOs, to restrain U.S. hegemon
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economic prebalancing
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goal of first closing the economic gap b/w country and the U.S.
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leash-slipping
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build up military to maximize ability to conduct an independent foreign policy out of U.S.'s reach
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strategic hedging
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more competitive than bandwagoning, less confrontational than balancing
avoid conflict with hegemon but increase ability to survive for long term, when hegemon may decline |
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What are the 4 eras of Middle Eastern intervention?
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1. advent of modern middle east (Napoleon's arrival in Egypt until WWI and demise of Ottoman Empire)
2. Age of colonial rule by France and Great Britain rise of Arab nationalism 3.Cold War- dominant rule of outside forces U.S.-Soviet competition 4. American era |
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What is one of the ironies of the American era?
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Gulf War (a war of necessity) marked the beginning of the American era and the Iraqi war (a war of choice) has precipitated its end
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factors that brought an end to the American era
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1. Bush's invasion of Iraq
2. Demise of Middle East peace process 3. Globalization made it easier for radicals to acquire funding, arms, ideas, etc. |
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What two mistakes should the US avoid according to Richard Haass?
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1. an overreliance on military force
The US should not carry out a preventive strike on Iranian nuclear installations 2. counting on the emergence of democracy to pacify the region creating mature democracy is no easy task and it will take decades; better options (educational reform, economic liberalization, open markets) |
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What are the explanations for the U.S. unique support to Israel?
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1. Israel is a vital strategic asset
2. There is a compelling moral case It's the only democracy in the region; Jews deserve special treament (Holocaust) |
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the Israeli lobby
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a loose coalition of individuals and organizations who actively work to steer U.S. foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction
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What are two strategies of the Israeli lobby?
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1. Press both Congress and Executive branch to support Israel
2. Ensure that public discourse about Israel portrays it in a positive light |
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CHINA: Liberal Optimist
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(this is the dominant view among US analysts)
1. economic interdependence 2. international institutions 3. democratization (is well under way in China) |
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CHINA: Realist Pessimist
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1. china's power is rising due to its rapidly growing economy.
2. China's aims: Rising powers challenge boundaries, IOs, and hierarchies of prestige. 3. intense security dilemma-even our own defensive measures can be perceived as a threat |
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CHINA: Realist Optimist
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1. China's power is limited and likely to remain so
2. China's aims are not as revolutionary as we think. It's goals are more limited. 3. The security dilemma is muted due to separation of U.S. and China and fact that both have nuclear weapons. |
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CHINA: Liberal Pessimist
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1. China is an authoritarian regime. Nationalistic
2. U.S.- crusading liberal democracy? If China doesn't democratize, U.S. will have more conflict with it 3. Mutual suspicion- both countries believe the other is out to diminish it |
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CHINA: Constructivist Optimist
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Identities, strategic cultures, norms
Relations can be transformed through interaction |
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CHINA: Constructivist Pessimist
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historical factors that influence China's identity:
-Opium wars -persistence of hostile images of Japan among Chinese -suspicion towards Western countries |
