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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range
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thermoregulation
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the disposal of nitrogen-containining metabolites and other waste products
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excretion
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the direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other
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conduction
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the mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object
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convection
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the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
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radiation
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organism for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation
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ectotherm
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organism warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism, usually body temp higher than external environment
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endotherm
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increase in the diameter of blood vessels caused by relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel walls
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vasodilation
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decrease in the diameter of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
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vasoconstriction
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the exchange of heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions
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countercurrent heat
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a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
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torpor
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a long term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal
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hibernation
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hibernation in warm temperatures
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estivation
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a small toxic molecule produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism
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ammonia
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a product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste products.
-who produces this? |
uric acid
-insects, land snails, and many reptiles |
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the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid
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filtration
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the discharge of wastes from the body fluid into the filtrate
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secretion
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the recovery of solutes and water from the filtrate
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reabsorption
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an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings
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protonephridium
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an excretory organ found in many invertebrates that typically consist of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings
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metanephridium
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a unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, and functions in osmoregulation
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malpighian tubule
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a duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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ureter
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the pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination
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urinary bladder
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a peptide hormone that promotes water retention by the kidneys
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antidiuretic hormone
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the tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney
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nephron
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a ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney
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glomerulus
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a cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood
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Bowman's capsule
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in the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate
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proximal tubules
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the hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, between the proximal and distal tubules of the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption
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loop of Henle
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in the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct
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distal tubule
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the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules
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collecting duct
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a steroid hormone that acts on tubules of the kidney to regulate the transport of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)
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aldosterone
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physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor
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acclimatization
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why is the urinary system crucial?
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balances the intake and output of water and solutes
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kidneys filter the blood in structures called?
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nephrons
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from where do nephrons receive water and solutes?
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capillaries
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what hormones adjust urine levels?
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ADH and aldosterone
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how is internal body temp maintained?
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metabolism and adaptations
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examples of endotherms?
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birds and mammals
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examples of ectotherms?
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amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, most invertebrates
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four processes by which an organism exchanges heat?
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radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction
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how does countercurrent heat exchange work?
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veins and arteries run adjacent to each other, heat from the arteries warms the blood in the veins
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describe vasodilation
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blood vessels expand, causing blood flow to increase and warms the skin
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describe vasoconstriction
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blood vessels contract, blood flow decreases, and reduces heat transfer
-prevents overheating |
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sources of insulation?
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hair, feathers, layers of fat
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forms of evaporative heat loss?
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sweating, camels can set body temperature higher during the day, so they don't sweat as much. reset it at night time, so they stay warm
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invertebrate thermoregulation
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mostly ectotherms (except bees and large moths)
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amphibians and reptiles thermoregulation
-marine iguana? -bull frogs? |
ectotherms seek warm places when cold, and cold places when warm
-vasconstriction saves more blood for central core in cold ocean |
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fish thermoregulation
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mostly ectotherms
-most have body temperature close to ambient -except large species = tuna, swordfish, shark = countercurrent heat exchange |
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mammal and bird thermoregulation
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endotherms
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mammal and bird thermogenesis?
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shivering, and nonshivering thermogenesis = mitochondria increase metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP
-brown fat = tissue specialized for rapid heat production, 5% in infants |
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bird and mammal acclimatization
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-can take days to weeks, but have shock proteins that allow for fast adjustment to environment
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daily torpor: who uses it?
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many small birds and mammals
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hibernation vs estivation
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-cold vs. warm
-animals can drop body temp to 1-2 degree celcius -ex. arctic ground squirrel |
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functions of human urinary system?
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1. function in waste removal
2. function in maintenance of homeostasis -blood water content -blood pH -blood pressure and oxygen content -blood solute concentration -retention of important nutrients |
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3 parts of the kidney
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renal cortex, medulla, renal pelvis
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funnel shaped chamber that receives processed filtrate from the vertebrate kidney's collecting ducts and is drained by the ureter
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renal pelvis (collecting chamber)
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functional unit of kidney
-how many? |
nephron
-more than 1 million! |
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components of filtrate in bowman's capsule?
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water, salts, bicarbonate, h+, urea, glucose, amino acids, some drugs
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components reabsorbed by blood in proximal tubule?
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bicarbonate, nacl,amino acids, glucose, vitamins actively transported, water follows by osmosis
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components secreted at proximal tubule region?
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H+, NH3, poisons
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HCO3 reabsorbed by blood why?
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to help regulate pH
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What happens in loop of Henle
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reabsorption of water in outer medulla, NaCl diffuses out in inner medulla and actively transports in outer medulla
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distal tubule what happens?
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NaCl, H2O, bicarbonate all reabsorbed, again, H+ and toxins are secreted by blood into filtrate
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collecting duct
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filtrate carried by collecting duct to renal pelvis, H20 reabsorbed, some urea diffuses out. Urine is still 95% water
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components of urine
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water, urea, sodium chloride, H+, possibly drugs and toxins
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how does ADH work?
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causes collecting duct to become more permeable to water, more water reabsorbed into blood
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increases water reabsorption, distal tubule and collecting ducts, hypothalamic hormone
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ADH
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promotes sodium reabsorption, distal tubule and collecting ducts
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aldosterone
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what does the vertebrate urinary system contain?
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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
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