Interior Construction

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Three most common types of partitions

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Gypsum Wall Board, Lath and Plaster, Masonry

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Gypsum

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most popular

made of gypsum sandwiched between heavy paper

advantages: low install cost, easy to install, fire resistance, sound control, availability, versatility

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Gypsum thickness

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Thicknesses: 1/4" - 5/8"
- 3/4" for 2 hour rated walls, to avoid two layer application
- 5/8" is mostly used in commercial
- 1/4" thick can be used for curved surfaces and for new surfaces over old walls

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Gypsum edges

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Tapered edge allows for use of reinforced joints and tape compounds without bulging at the joints and have a better apperance

square edges are used where it is less important.

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Types of Gypsum

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Gypsum type-x used for fire rating, each layer adds one hour
foiled back is for vapor barriers
Water resistant behind tile and other moist conditions

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Gyp association ga-214-ccd

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they standardize gyp finishes
They standardize gyp in levels

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Gyp Finish Levels

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Level 0: Requires no taping, finishing or accessories
Level 1: Joints and angles have tape embedded into the joint compound. Used for plenums and areas not open to view.
Level 2: (Same as above plus) Joint compound is on joints, angles, fastener heads, and accessories. (water resistant applications, where apperance is not critical)
Level 3: (Same as above plus) Has two coats of joint compound and the surface is free of tool marks and ridges (Used where heavy texture and wall covering will be applied)
Level 4: (Similar to level 3) has 3 coats of joint compound, used with light texture or where economy is a concern. Not recommended for paint.
Level 5: (Similar to level 4) Has a skim coat of joint compound over the entire surface, used where paint is specified or where severe lighting conditions exist.

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Studs

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can be wood or metal
2x4 and 2x6 are common
metal is used for commercial because it is non combustible and easy to install

Stud depth determined on the height of the partition (2 1/2" is most common) Metal studs is normally placed at 16" and 24" on center.

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Steel stud depths

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1 5/8", 2 1/2", 3 5/8", 4", 6"

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Hat shaped channels

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Used for ceiling framing or masonry walls

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Resilient channels

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Improve acoustics by isolating the wall board from the attachement to the framing

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Corner Beads

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Used for corners that don't have protection

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Types of corner beads

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LC bead - requires finishing within joint compound, has a back flange, so it must be fitted before the wall board is applied to the substrate.

L Bead - Requires finishing, no back flange, good for installation after a wall board is applied

LK bead - Requires finishing for various thickness of wall boards for a kerfed jamb (One with a small slot cut in it)

U Bead - Does not require finishing, the edge of the metal is noticeable, also called "J metal"

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Residential Wall Construciton

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2x4 studs, 16" OC, 1/2" wallboard on each side

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Commercial wall Construction

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2 1/2" or 3 5/8" metal studs, 24" OC, 5/8" Gyp on each side

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Glass reinforced gypsum (GRG)

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Poured into a mold to form decorative elements, such as column covers, arches, coffered ceilings, ornate moldings, light troughs, trim. This product is pre manufactured

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Lath and plaster

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Mostly used on curved applications when abrasion or moisture resistance is needed.

Plaster is made of gypsum lime, water, and aggregates of sand, vermiculite or perlite (vermiculite is used when lightweight, fire resistant plaster is needed)

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Keene Cement

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used in wet areas or places of high abrasion and must be used with a portand cement base coat

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Two types of plastering

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traditional method - metal lathe is attached to studs as a base for plaster.

Metal lathe types: expanded diamond mesh, paper, backed diamond mesh, flat rib lath, and high ribbed lath

Coats of plaster:
First coat (Scratch Coat) keys the plaster to the lath is 1/4"
Second Coat 1/4" Brown coat which levels the surface
Third Coat 1/8" Finish coat, which provides final leveling and texture

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Gypboard lath - 16x48 boards or 48x96 boards with a veneer of plaster over it. Easy to install, durable and can accept a variety of textures.

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Masonry

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Brick
Concrete Block
Glass Block
Tile Clay Teracotta
Etc

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Non load bearing walls to create strong fire resistant partitions

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Must ensure the structure can handle the weight
Concrete block is commonly 8x8x16

Glass block is laid in stack bond, with joints aligned with joint reinforcement, must use with expansion joints, can not be load bearing

Demountable partitions - can be reused with ease
make construction faster, because floor, ceiling and electrical can be finished first. Have higher initial cost, life cycle cost are lower if changed frequently. Typical construction: floor runners, ceiling runners, stud sections with clips, and fabricated panels. The panels are typically covered in vinyl wall covering. The manufacturers base is snapped on the floor line. Top track is directly connected to the ceiling grid.

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Progressive Vs. Non Progressive Systems (Demountable wall systems)

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Progressive systems: Panels must be placed and taken down in sequence

Non progressive: Panels can be placed independently of each other

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Hollow core door

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One or three plys of veneer on each side of a cellular interior. For light use. No fire resistance.

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Solid Core Door

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Made of particle board, stave core or mineral core for fire rating. Fire ratings can be 20 minute, 45 or 90

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Steel doors

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Flush is a smooth surface on both sides, a sash which has glass lights and a louver has metal slats for ventilation.

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Aluminium Frames

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Often used in demountable walls and as framing under wood door frames. Made by extrusion, mostly double rabbited with a continuos stop, it differs from steel frames because they have square corners instead of rounded. Should only be in contact with stainless steel or zinc ro avoid galvanic action (corrosion from disimilar metals)

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Glass Doors

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1/2" or 3/4" tempered glass with fittings or operating hardware. Can be installed without a frame. and NEVER fire rated

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Hinge pin tips

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***PULL IMAGE***

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Hinge Types

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Most are full mortice or butt hinges, which means both leaves are fully morticed into the frame making it flush

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How to get the number of hinges based on door height

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Less than 60" is Two hinges (one pair)
60"-90" = 3 hinges or 1 1/2 pair
90" - 120" = 4 hinges or 2 pair
(One hinge for every 30")

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Fire rated doors

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must have steel or stainless steel hinges

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Mortise lock

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Installed in a rectangle cut in the door, more secure (variety of locking options)

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A cylindrical lock

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easy installation, inexpensive, most common in residential

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Preassambled lock

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fits in a notch cut in the door

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Pivots

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used when hinges shouldn’t be seen or in frameless construction.
-Center hung –swing in either direction; completely concealed
-Offset – used on taller doors in conjunction with intermediate pivots to keep the door from warping; pivots 180 degrees

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Closers

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required on fire-rated doors

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Panic hardware

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push bars across the width of the doors or vertical rods that disengage latches at the top and bottom

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Astragals

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seal the center opening of double doors, act as door stop or provide extra security. If they are exit doors, it must have a door coordinator to ensure full closure of each leaf of the door.

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Automatic door bottoms

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sound/light seal that pushes down when door is closed and is raised when the door opens.

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Door seals

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neoprene, felt, metal, polyurethane, and vinyl. Smoke seals are made of intumescent (expands when exposed to heat) neoprene.

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5 basic hardware finishes

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steel, stainless, bronze, brass and aluminum.

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Float (annealed) glass

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standard used in windows where no additional strength is needed.

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Tempered glass

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heat treated annealed glass. 4x stronger. Used as safety glass (shatters in small pieces rather than shards). Must be ordered to exact size of installation and may not be cut, drilled or etched.

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Laminated glass

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2+ layers of glass bonded by polyvinyl butyral. Layers encased in polycarbonates can increase strength for ballistic/high impact strength.

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Wire glass

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mesh of wire is embedded in the middle of the sheet. Primarily used for fire rating. Cannot be tempered and therefore may not be used as safety glazing.

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Patterned glass

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passed through rollers where the pattern is pressed into molten glass.

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Fire-rated glazing IN ADDITION TO WIRE GLASS…

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-Clear ceramic – up to 3-hour rating in sizes up to 100 square in.

-Tempered, fire-protective –rated at 30 min – does not pass ANSI Z97.1 or 16CFR 1201.

-2-3 layer tempered glass with polymer gel – gel foams when subjected to fire retarding the heat. 30,60 and 90 minute ratings.

-Glass block – must be a specially tested for fire rating

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Electrochromic glazing

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-changes from tinted/opaque to transparent when electric current is applied.

-uses inorganic ceramic film coating. Will never be fully opaque so it can’t be used as privacy glass.

-all types can reduce energy costs by 20-30%

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SPD glazing

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uses particles dispersed in liquid suspension film sandwiched between transparent conductive material. CAN be fully opaque.

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Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film glazing

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– film is placed between 2 pieces of glass.
- ranges from transparent to cloudy white.

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Code requirements for glazing

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-Interior fire window assemblies must be protected by ¼” wire glass installed in steel frames.

- Maximum glazed area cannot exceed 25% of the common wall within any room unless it is special fire-resistance rated glazing.

-Safety glazing (tempered of laminated glass) is required in hazardous areas (glass in doors, shower/bath enclosures, etc…). Exact requirements are given in 16 CFR Part 1201.

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Code requirements for doors and frames

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-All parts of an assembly must be fire-rated when required (not just the door).

-Most 1-hour corridors require a 20-minute door or ¾ hour assembly in a 1-hour occupancy separation or a 1-hour door in a 1-hour exit stair. For multi-floor buildings the door must be 1-1/2 hour rated in the 2-hour stairway.

-IBC requires 20-minute doors have smoke/draft assemblies (gasketing on both jambs and head to prevent passage of smoke.

-Wood or hollow metal doors may be used in fire rating. Rating above 1-1/2 hours (30min for frames) hollow metal must be used.

-Positive pressure fire testing – simulates fire conditions where there is positive pressure above a certain point and negative pressure below (there is a greater tendency that smoke will be forced through the crack under these conditions). UL 10C and NFPA 252.

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Listing and labels

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-Label – permanent mark that indicates the component complies with standard UL tests

-Listed device – product that has met standards for fire-rated assemblies

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Gyp wallboard ceiling

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-used in most residential construction

-In residential - gyp is screwed directly into the ceiling joists.

-In commercial – gyp is applied to suspended grid (1-1/2” steel channels located 4’ on center and suspended from the floor above. Furring channels are attached perpendicular to the steel channels at 16” or 24” o.c. with the wallboard screwed into them).

-Must have access panels to reach the equipment above the ceiling. Typically 24” square.

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Suspended acoustical ceiling types

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Lay-in – tiles sit on grid

-Tegular – lies have rabbeted edged

-Concealed – usually 1’x1’

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Space above suspended ceilings

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are commonly used as a return-air plenum. If this is the case, no combustible material (including wood blocking) may be placed above the ceiling. Plastic wiring must be encased in metal conduit.

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Seismic restraint for suspended ceilings (where req.)

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-Light fixtures/equipment must be independently supported with wires

-Actual weight of all of ceiling system should be under 2.5lm/ft² or less

-Walls must be supported by bracing, not the ceiling grid.

-Ceiling angles must have a 7/8” ledge and 3/8” clearance from the edge of the tile to the wall.

-Grid must have lateral force bracing 12’ o.c. in both directions with the first point within 6’ from each wall.

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Lath and plaster ceilings

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-Constructed like partitions.

-Cost more and are more difficult to construct that gypsum or lay-in.

-Are easily manipulated into curves/shapes

-Used when ceramic tiles must be applied to a continuously wet environment (public shower, etc…) or when ornate or complex moldings or castings are required

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Integrated ceilings

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suspended ceiling systems specifically designed to accommodate acoustical ceiling tile, light fixtures, etc…in a consistent and unified way.

More expensive, but more flexible in frequently changing environments

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Stainless steel

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-alloy steel containing 12% or more of chromium.

-Used for corrosion resistance, strength and appearance

-Types 304 (chromium nickel) and 430 (straight chromium) are most common for interior design purposes.

-Comes in sheets, plates, strips, bars, pipes, and tubing

-Available in rolled, polished and etched finishes

-Polished finishes range from 7(mirror-like) to 3 (dull).

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Bronze/brass

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-range of copper alloys

-Moisture resistant, but will change colors according to air moisture.

-Can be extruded and cast

-Available in mechanical, chemical and coated finishes.

-Can be joined by brazing (joining 2 metals at a temp above 800°F using a filler metal), soldering (joining of 2 metals using lead-based or tin-based alloy solder that melts below 500°F), or welding (joining 2 metals by using high temperatures to heat them above their melting point).

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Galvanic Series

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occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte like water which causes corrosion.

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Finish carpentry

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-wood construction assembled on-site

-Includes installation of doors and windows, trim, wood base, stairways and handrails.

-Lumber used is dependent on what is locally available.

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Finish carpentry grades

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-specify the type and number of allowable defects.

-For most species, B & Better is the highest grade and is excellent for natural and painted finishes.

-C Select has slightly more defects and is best for painting and some natural finishes.

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Vertical vs. flat grains

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Vertical grain – cut so that the growth rings are perpendicular to the face of the board. Tend to warp less, are more abrasion resistant, and stain more uniformly than flat grain boards.

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Plywood

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-made from odd number of thin veneer glues together under heat and pressure.

-each layer is laid perpendicular to adjacent ply.

-suitable for natural, stain and painted finishes.
-graded by quality of face veneer (a-grade is what is commonly available; d-grade is lowest grade and allows large knot holes).

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Particle board

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-composed of small wood particles mixed in a binder and formed under pressure into a panel.

-comes in several thicknesses in 4’x8’ sheets.

-commonly used as a substrate for veneers.

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Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)

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-wood particles reduced to fibers in a moderate-pressure steam then combined with resin and boded together under heat and pressure.

-most dimensionally stable and has a smooth, uniform surface .
-useful for painting, thin overlay, veneers, and high pressure laminates.

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Medium-density overlay

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plywood with a thin veneer suitable for painting.

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Molding

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made from medium-density fiber board or molded high-density polyurethane foam.

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Molding types

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