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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intergroup bias (ingroup favoritism): preference foringroups over outgroups Can lead to... |
Prejudice: negative evaluation of a group Discrimination: behavioral manifestation of prejudice |
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Why do we use categorisation/Social Categorization? |
- Informative (we can make inferences about a novel objectbased on its similarity to other objects), - Effort minimising - Communicative |
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What are the consequences of social cat? |
Stereotyping: expectancies about a social group (probable behaviors,traits, features) Social categorization can automatically activate informationconsistent with the ST Thus, individuals are viewed as stereotypical group members |
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What did the study on stereotyping by Duncan (1976) show? |
-Stereotypes bias judgments about individuals & change the way that ambiguous behaviour is interpreted Eg; African American pushes white: 75% say it’s violent (6% playful) White pushes African American: 17% say it’s violent (42% playful) |
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Self-categorization theory Categorize ourselves as group members Self-categorization leads to depersonalization,assimilation to ingroup norms, and self-stereotyping |
This dual process of self and social categorizationleads to “us vs. them” thinking |
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Us vs. them categorization happens underminimal conditions Mere categorization (based on minimal group conditions) elicites ingroup favoritism Which study shows this? |
Tajfel et al (1971) -Klee or Kandinsky - Point allocation task -Intergroup discrimination |
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Why? - People prefer to have a positive self-concept and group concept. So we are motivated to increase the positivity of ourown groups relative to outgroups..Thus, intergroup bias |
There are 3 main consequences of social and selfcategorization |
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- Structural consequences(SC) - Explanatory consequences (EC) - Evaluative consequences (prejudice) (ECP) |
SC
Catagoy differentiation model Doise, 1978)- Intergroup differentiation Within group homogeneity (especially for outgroups) ‘Group-ness’ is amplified |
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Structural consequences = Category differentiation model (Doise, 1978) |
Doise, 1978, Shows that category creates.... -Intergroup differentiation -Within group homogeneity (especially for outgroups) -Amplification of ‘Group-ness’ |
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Outgroup homogeneity Which study showed Cross-race identification bias? |
Platz & Hosch (1988) Texas convenience store clerk Identification of customers. Black recognised black White recognised white |
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Explanatory consequences = FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR Jones & Harris 1967 |
Ultimate Attribution Error - (Pettigrew, 1979) Ingroup positive behaviors = disposition; Outgroup positivebehaviors = situation Ingroup negative behaviors = Situation; Outgroup negativebehaviors = Disposition Oskamp & Harty (1968): it’s positivewhen the ingroup does it |
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Ingroup favoritism = prejudice Perdue et al 1990 showed even the concept 'We' is positive. When primed with US or THEM, participants judged traits as positive or negative base on the pronoun. |
Escalation Surely we can’t explain genocide with mere categorization?? No, there has to be..... |
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Exacerbating factors -Individual differences -Competition -Threat |
Individual differences Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) A tendency to submit to established authorities and adhere tosocial conventions Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) A desire to promote intergroup hierarchies and for one’s ingroupsto dominate their out-groups |
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Realistic Conflict Theory (LeVine & Campbell,1972) Intergroup hostility arises fromcompetition among groups for scarce (andthus valued) material resources |
Intergroup threat Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan & Stephan, 1985) Realistic threat: threats to the material well-being of theingroup, eg, economic benefits, political power, andhealth Symbolic threat: threats to the ingroup’s system of values Intergroup anxiety: feelings of anxiety people experienceduring intergroup interactions associated with negativeoutcomes for the self (embarrassed, rejected, ridiculed) |
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Riek et al (2006)'s meta anaysis of 95 studies showed... That 5 different threat types had a positive relationship with negative outgroup attitudes... -Realistic Symbolic Anxiety Negative stereotype Group Esteem |
4 ways to Resolve conflict - Individual differences (the good kind) - Intergroup contact - Changing categorization - Promoting cooperation |
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Individual differences Fostering positive individual differences: “buildingcharacter” Lalljee et al 2009 says.... -Respect for people -Empathy -Perspective taking |
Respect for Persons (RFP) Laham et al (2010) RFP predicted actions towards outgroup members: those who value theintrinsic worth of others (high respect for persons) expressed less negative and morepositive action tendencies towards outgroup members than did those with low respect forpersons. |
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Finlay & Stephan (2000) show empathy manipulations decrease intergroup bias Galinsky & Moskowitz (2000) show PT manipulations also decrease intergroup bias
Feshbach & Feshbach (1982) show you can Teach empathy |
The more contact one has with an outgroup or Intergroup Contact, theless prejudice one expresses Eg, Wagner et al. (2003) showed east showed more prejudice then west Germany due to more intergroup contact. |
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Optimal conditions Contact is more effective when... - Equal status - Shared goals - Authority sanction - Absence ofcompetition (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew &Tropp 2006) |
How? -More Knowledge -Less Anxiety -More Empathy (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008) |
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Extended contact Wright et al. (1997) showed... Knowledge that otheringroup members have outgroup friendscan reduce intergroup bias Confederates pretending to like or dislike each other influence the opinion of the group. |
Changing categorization Change the cognitive representation of outgroup members. Recatogorization = 'Us' and 'Them' becomes 'We' Decategorization = 'They' become Individuals |
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Gaertner et al 's (1989) study showed that Recatogorization and Decategorization work to reduce bias. AAABBB v's ABABAB (individual) ABABABABABABA just one group |
The Robber’s Cave 2 groups the Eagles and the Rattlers.... Sherif et al., 1961 |
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Sherif et al.'s 1961 study showed that Competition = Intergroup Conflict But..... Superordinate goals: shared goalsthat can be achieved only if groupswork together = Cooperative interaction |
THE END! |
