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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the integumentary system?
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- Protection:Physical/mechanical, chemical(low pH and antibiotics, biological (immune and langerhan cells)Z
- Thermoregulation - Cutaneous semsation - Vitamin D synthesis - Blood reservoir - Excretion |
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Name the two layers of the skin.
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Epidermis - thinner, superficial
Dermis |
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What is the hypodermis? Where is it located?
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- Not part of the skin
- Areolar and adipose tissue, ancors skin to organs, shock absorber and insulator - Found deep to the dermis |
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What are the primary tissue types in the hypodermis?
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Areaolar and adipose tissue
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Describe the function(s) of the hypodermis.
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Anchors skin to underlying organs (like the muscle)
Shock absorber Insulates deeper body tissue Has blood vessels that supply the skin |
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What is the primary tissue type in the dermis? What type of CT fibers does it contain?
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- Dense irregular CT
- Collagen fibers and smaller amounts of elastic and reticular fibers |
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What types of cells are commonly found in the dermal layer?
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Blood vessels
Sensory receptors Hair follicles Sebaceous and sweat glands |
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What organs/structures are located in the dermis?
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Nerves, hair folicles, sebacous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels
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What are the layers of the dermis? Which of these two layers is more superficial?
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Reticular - deeper and thicker, dense irregular CT
Papillary - thin superficial, areolar CT |
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Which dermal layer is composed primarily of areolar connective tissue?
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Papillary layer
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Which dermal layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
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Reticular layer
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What is the significance of the dermal papilla?
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Increases surface area contact b/w dermis and epidermis
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What is the significance of the epidermal ridges?
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Increase friction, increase gripping
Sweat glands along ridges make fingerprints |
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What forms the lines of cleavage?
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Separations/less dense regions b/w collagen bundles
"tension lines" Parallel incisions heal better in skin with less scar tissue |
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What types of cells are found in the epicermis? Which of these is the primary cell type?
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Keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic cells (langerhans cells), merkel cells(tactile cells)
- Keratinocytes |
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What is the general function of each of the four cell types found in the epidermis?
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Keratinocytes - mechanical protection, totally renewed every 25-45 days, highly mitotic
Melanocytes - protect fibroblasts and DNA from UV rays, melanin accumulates on side of keratinocytes Epidermal dendritic cells/langerhans - made in bone marrow, phagocytosis and immune system activation Merkel/tactile cells - sensory receptors for touch, found only where there's no hair |
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What is the function of keratin?
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Physical protection, hardens cells
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What is the function of melanin?
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Accumulates in sunny side of karatinocytes
Absorbs UV energy and protects fibroblasts and DNA |
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What are the five layers of the epidermis, deep to superficial?
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Stratum basale - single row keratinocytes
Stratumm spinosum "spiny layer" - 8-10 layers Stratum granulosum - 3-5 layers Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum - "horny layer" |
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How do the epidermal layers differ from eachother in terms of appearance and function?
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Stratum basale - deepest, highly mitotic stem cells, 1 row, melanocytes + merkel
Stratum spinosum - several layers, no mitosis past this pt., tonofilaments/pre-keratin in cytoskeleton Stratum granulosum - thin, flattened, dying, keratinization beg., grainy Stratum lucidum - in thick skin, clear keratinocytes/no organelles, tonofilaments converted to keratin Stratum corneum - shingle-like dead cells |
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What layer is not present in thin skin?
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Stratum lucidum - keratinocytes clear, tonofilaments converted to keratin
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Generally describe the procces through which epidermis is renewed and maintained.
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Cells made in stratum basale, tonofilaments made in spinosum, cells begin to die and undergo karatinization, they eventually die and are shed, as lower layers grow
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In which epidermal layer does most mitosis occur?
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Stratum basale
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Beyond which epidermal layer does no mitosis occur?
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Stratum spinosum
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In which layer do cells contain deratohyalin and lamellar granules? What is the functional significance of each of these granule types?
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- Stratum granulosum
- Keratohyalin granules - help form keratin - Lamellar granules - contain glycolipid, secreted, waterproofs superficial layers |
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In which epidermal layer do the keratinocytes take on a spiny appearance?
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Stratum spinosum
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In which epidermal layer do tonofilaments first become evident?
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Stratum spinosum
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In which epidermal layer do you first expect to see significant amounts of keratin (rather than pre-keratin)?
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Keratinization begins in stratum granulosum
Tonofilaments converted in lucidum and corneum |
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Which layer contains most of the melanocytes?
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Stratum basale - along with merkel cells
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In which layer do the cells begin to die? Why do they die?
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- Stratum granulosum
- Too far away for nutrients and oxygen to diffuse from the dermis |
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In what body areas is thick skin located?
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- Palms and soles
- high friction areas |
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What pigments determine skin color?
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Melanin - made in skin from tyrosine
Carotine - yellow orange in stratum corneum, lots in thick skin Hemoglobin - in rbc's; useful to see if cyanosis exists (blue skin) |
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How does sunlight affect melanocytes?
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UV rays increase tyrosination, which increases absorption/dissapation of the heat from UV rays
tyrosinase converts syrosine to melanin |
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What effects does chronic exposure to UV radiation have on the skin?
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Destroys fibroblasts, messes up DNA - cancer
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The inherited condition of albinism is most often associated with an inability to synthesize what enzyme?
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Melanin
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What is the direct effect of a deficiency of melanin?
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Skin appears white and pasty,
UV damages skin severely - skin cancer usually develops |
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Distinguish between the root and the shaft of an individual hair.
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Shaft - keratinization complete
Root - Keratinization still ongoing |
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Describe the location and function of the hair follicle itself.
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- What produces the hair
- in dermis and even hypodermis - limited number of cycles |
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Describe the location and function of he papilla and matrix of the follicle.
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Papilla - part of hair bulb, dermal tissue protruding into bulb, with capillaries for nutrients etc
Matrix - mitotic portion of hair bulb |
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Describe the location and function of the root hair plexus, and the arrector pilli muscle.
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Root hair plexus - sneory nerve endings which wrap around har bulb
Arrector pilli muscle - smooth muscle attatched to follicle, contract to pull folicle upright and dimple skin |
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What causes an arrector pilli contration?
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Cold, frightened, etc.
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What are the two basic types of glands in the integumentary system?
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Sudoriferous (sweat) glands - almost all skin, both merocrine and apocrine
Sebaceous (oil) glands - not in thick skin, holocrine glands |
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Describe the structure and function of sebaceous glands.
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- Everywhere but thick skin, simple branched acinar glands, holocrine
- Sebum secreted into hair follicles; softens and lubricates, slows water loss, anti-bacterial; controlled by androgens |
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Describe the conposition and functions of sebum.
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- Fats, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts
- Softens/lubricates, slows water loss, anti-bacterial |
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Where do the ducts of most sebaceous glands terminate?
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Hair follicles
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What are the two main types of sudoriferous glands associated with the skin?
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Merocrine
Apocrine |
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Describe the secretions produced by each of the sudoriferous glands associated with the skin.
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Merocrine sweat glands - water, salts, metabolic wastes, acidic
Apocrine sweat glands - axillary and groin, larger, similar sweat but with fatty acids and protein (milky and viscous) Ceruminous glands - modified apocrine secretes cerumen (ear wax) Mammary glands - milk |
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To what functional class does each of the sudoriferous glands of the skin belong?
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Merocrine sweat - merocrine
Apocrine sweat - merocine Ceruminous - merocrine Mammary - merocrine Sebaceous - holocrine |
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Which tupe of sudoriferous gland secretes into hair follicles?
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Apocrine sweat glands - in axillary and groin regions
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Which type of sudoriferous gland secretes into ducts that open in a pore?
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Merocrine sweat glands
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What are the differences b/w basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma?
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Basal - starts in stratum basale, least malignant, most common, invade dermis and hypodermis
Squamous - from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, usually on head, grow quickly and can metastasize Melanoma - least common, grows and metastasizes through lymphatic system, originates in melanocytes |
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The ABCD(E) mnemonic is a way to remember the key detection points of melanoma. What does each letter of the mnemonic represent?
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Asymmetry - irregular
Border - irregular, notched Color - several: black, brown, tan, blue, red Diameter - bigger than eraser Elevation - uneven |
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What is a burn?
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tissue damage caused by heat, radiation, electicity or chemicles
Denaturing of cell proteins and cell death |
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Identify the 3 classes of burns. Describe the general characteristics of each class.
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1st - epidermis damaged, redness and swelling, heals by self
2nd - damage to epidermis and top of dermis; redness, swelling, pain, blisters, 2-3 weeks healing 3rd - entire skin, even hypodermis, eventual swelling, no pain, appearance varies |
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Which burns are considered partial thickness? Full thickness?
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- 1+2
- 3 |
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What are the potential life-threatening systemic effects of severe burns?
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- Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- Renal shutdown and circulatory shock - Bacterial infection/sepsis; leading cause of death |
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Identify and describe the four steps involved in the regeneration of tissue after injury.
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Inflammatory phase - triggered by chem from hast cells and damaged cells; clot; debris removed by lymphatic vessels
Migratory phase - from stratum basale into injury; new epidermis; fibroblasts make scar; granulation tissue Proliferation - tissue and blood vessel growth; scab detatches Maturation phase; scab shed; fibroblasts decrese; epidermis all done |
