Integumentary System

Front 1

Bruise

Back 1

black and blue mark, AKA ecchymosis - blood from broken capillaries leaks into the dermis; skin filters out the red color

Front 2

Deep

Back 2

Inflammation - damaged tissues + cells release chemicals, vessels dilate/increased permeability of vessel walls, redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), warmth (calor), pain (dolor) blood clot forms - platelets, fibrinogen.
Organization - clots replaced by Granulation tissue; budding capillaries/macrophages/fibroblasts. Macrophages digest blood clot, collagen fibers deposited. Granulation tissue will form scar tissue: permanent fibrous CT (visible or invisible depending on severity of wound), surface epithelium regenerates.

Front 3

Blister

Back 3

separation of epidermal/dermal layers by a fluid-filled pocket

Front 4

Arrector pili

Back 4

smooth muscle attached to the follicle; holds hair erect; contraction of the arrector pili causes goose bumps

Front 5

Decubitus ulcer AKA bedsore

Back 5

tissue death secondary to constant pressure which causes a decreased blood flow/decreased nutrients to the area

Front 6

Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands

Back 6

present in all skin regions except the nipples and external genitalia; increased numbers present in the palms and soles

Front 7

Layers of the Hair (Composition)

Back 7

inner medulla - middle of the hair shaft.
outer cortex - contains hair pigments made by melanocytes
outermost cuticle - highly keratinized cells arranged like shingles on a roof

Front 8

epidermis

Back 8

outermost, protective, avascular layer

Front 9

Sabaceous/Oil glands

Back 9

its duct empties into a hair follicle, composed of specialized epithelial cells that secrete sebum (lipids plus cell fragment).

Front 10

Third Degree Burn

Back 10

all skin layers plus derivatives are burned. Skin is white or black; no blisters; loss of function NOT painful; increased fluid loss Tx: skin graft (ultimately)

Front 11

nail plate/body

Back 11

hard, keratinized, translucent epithelial tissue; overlies the naid bed.

Front 12

lunula

Back 12

white half-moon; region of most active growth due to capillaries in dermis don't show through due to the thick matrix

Front 13

Nails

Back 13

on fingers and toes growth = 0.5-1.0 mm per week

Front 14

Eccrine sweat gland

Back 14

ducts empty into skin pore; much more numerous excretory function: sweat secretions consist of 99% water plus salts plust waster products (urea and uric acid) activity with heat or excercise.

Front 15

Apocrine sweat gland

Back 15

ducts empty into hair follicles, secretions have scents/odors (sweat plus lipoprotein) activity with emotional stress/sexual stimulation (pheromone)

Front 16

dermis

Back 16

beneath the epidermis; much thicker; vascular

Front 17

Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

Back 17

25-30 layers of dead, flat, anuclear, keratinized epithelial cells like shingles on a roof!

Front 18

First Degree Burn

Back 18

only surface epidermis burned, redness (sunburn); no blisters; no scaring. Painful; heals in a few days. Tx: cold/aloe (NEVER anything greasy)

Front 19

areolar + adipose CT

Back 19

binds skin to underlying organs....thickens when one gains weight.

Front 20

Root

Back 20

in deep dermis - bulb lowest portion of the root composed of hair papilla - opening at the bottom of the bulb; blood vessels project into this opening to feed the matrix - rapidly growing undifferentiated epithelial cells that will get kerantinized in the shaft.

Front 21

Functions of sebum

Back 21

lubrication; water-proofing; bacteriocidal (on hair and skin)

Front 22

Psoriasis

Back 22

inflammatory abnormality of skin cells that migrate from the Stratum Basale tot he Stratum Corneum in only 4 days instead of the normal 25 to 45 days. As a result, the cells do not mature and they become flaky

Front 23

subcutaneous

Back 23

deep to the skin, AKA Hypodermis or Superficial fascia

Front 24

melanocyte

Back 24

synthesize the pigment 'melanin', absorbs UV light, found at the base of the epidermis and transfers melanin onto the free surface of the keratinocyte

Front 25

keratinocyte

Back 25

synthesizes the protein 'keratin' for water-proofing, arises in deep epidermis, takes 25 to 45 days to mature, then dies and appears scale-like at outer surface of skin

Front 26

Acne

Back 26

blocked sebaceous gland duct inflammation of the gland plus a bacterial infection at the skin's pore - pimples

Front 27

Reticular layer (bottom/inferior)

Back 27

dense irregular CT with thick collagen fibers that run parallel to the skin, forms tension lines, AKA lines of cleavage, incisions made parallel to tension lines heal quicker, site of penetration of tattoos

Front 28

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

Back 28

AKA Stratum Germinativum - a single row of cuboidal/columnar cells undergoing mitosis

Front 29

Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

Back 29

3-5 layers of dead, flat, transparent epithelium; ONLY found in the palms and soles

Front 30

Meissner's corpuscle

Back 30

nerve receptor for light touch

Front 31

Epidermal Growth Factor

Back 31

hormone released by lots of cells mainly the fibroblast, sitmulates the growth of epidermal cells; normally takes 25-45 days for cells to migrate from the Stratum Basale to the top layer of the Stratum Corneum

Front 32

Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

Back 32

8-10 layers of round/cuboidal-like cells with a central nucleus; cells are living; keratin is being synthesized

Front 33

dermal papillae

Back 33

tiny, finger-like projections (undulations) that join to the ridges of the epidermis....fingerprint formation

Front 34

Merkel cell

Back 34

associated with sensory nerves, specifically touch

Front 35

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

Back 35

3-5 layers of flat, granular cells; keratin is hardening; nuclei/cells are dying

Front 36

Effects of Aging on Skin

Back 36

Decreasing these amounts will result in this effect:
fibroblasts/collagen - lose tone
elastic fibers/elasticity - wrinkles
fat/adipose CT - colder extremities
melanocyte activity - gray hair
increased amt of irregular pigments - liver spots
atrophy or oid glands - dry skin
atrophy of hair follicles - balding/thinnning

Front 37

Pacinian corpuscle

Back 37

nerve receptor for deep pressure; is also with in the Subcutaneous layer

Front 38

Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer

Back 38

beneath the dermis, areolar + adipose CT - provides insulation, rich with major blood vessels and nerves, Pacinian corpuscle - nerve receptor for deep pressure, attahces skin to underlying bone/muscles.

Front 39

Superficial

Back 39

Epidermis only, epithelial cells rapidly divide/proliferate and bridge gap, regenerate

Front 40

Hemoglobin

Back 40

O2 carrying pigment in blood vessels; reflected through the avascular epidermis

Front 41

Melanin

Back 41

pigment derived from the amino acid tyrosine, all races have an equal # of melanocytes, variations in color are due to the differences in the amount of melanin produced, protects skin from UV light.

Front 42

Carotene

Back 42

yellow pigment - increased concentrations of carotene found in the palms and soles. Asians skin color due to variations of melanin, NOT carotene

Front 43

Skin's Thermoregulation Role

Back 43

rate of persipiration is under a negative feedback system controlled by the brain, increased body heat increases rate of perspiration sweat evaporates heat is lost body temp. returns to normal the reverse is true also

Front 44

nail bed

Back 44

Stratum Corneum of the epidermis

Front 45

Second Degree Burn

Back 45

all of the epidermis and some of the dermis burned. Redness: blisters; may scar loss of function. Painful; takes 7-10 days to heal. TX: requries medical attention (silvadene)

Front 46

Hair

Back 46

Covers the entire body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, external reproductive organs. Function: sensitive touch receptros plus a mimor amount of protection (eylashes/nasal hair)

Front 47

Calssification of burns by 'Rule of Nines'

Back 47

head/neck = 9%
each arm = 9%
anterior trunk - 18%
posterior trunk - 18%
each leg = 9%
25% or greater of a 2nd degree burn OR 10% or greater of a 3rd degree burn IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY!

Front 48

blackhead

Back 48

above, sebum oxidizes, dries and darkens

Front 49

Langerhan cell

Back 49

macrophage, stimulates the immune system

Front 50

Papillary layer

Back 50

top/superior, aerolar CT with elastic fibers

Front 51

Stretch Marks AKA Striae

Back 51

when the dermis gets overstrtched (due to obesity or pregnancy) collagen and elastic fibers get torn. Stretch marks are signs of repairing scar tissue of the torn fibersl.

Front 52

whitehead

Back 52

sebaceous duct blocked by sebum

Front 53

Shaft

Back 53

protrudes from the skin. The shpae of the shaft opening determines whether one's hair is straight, wavy, or curly shaped.

Front 54

cuticle AKA eponychium

Back 54

narrow band of epidermis extending from the proximal/lateral margin of the nail plate

Front 55

Follicle

Back 55

tubular 'bag'/sheath enclosing the dermal portion of a hair