Integrative Programming

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network

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a collection of devices that share a common communication protocol and a communication medium

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network cards

routers

hubs

gateways

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elements forming network physical architecture (NRHG)

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network cards

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hardware devices added to a computer to allow it to talk to a network

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routers

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are machines that acts as switches

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hubs

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provide connections that allow multiple computers to access a network

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gateways

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connect one network to another

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nodes

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raw data passed across various points in the network

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network interface card (NIC)

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ensures no two devices address alike

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hardware address

ethernet address

MAC address

NIC address

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physical address (HEMN)

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packets

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consists of header and data segment

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header

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contains addressing information, checksums, etc.

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data segment

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contains sequences of bytes, comprising actual data

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Physical Layer

Data Link Layer

Network Layer

Transport Layer

Session Layer

Presentation Layer

Application Layer

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name all the OSI Model

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Physical Layer

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most basic level, netwok hardware, cables, cards

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Data Link Layer

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-responsible for providing more reliable data, grouping data into frames

-sends frames into network

-to ensure garbled data frames will not be passed to higher layers

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Network Layer

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this layer deals with data packets

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Transport Layer

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this layer controlling how data is transmitted

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Session Layer

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to facilitate application to application data exchange, and establishment & termination communication session

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Presentation Layer

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this layer deals with data representation ams data conversion

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Application Layer

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The final OSI layer, which is where the vast majority of programmerswrite code. its protocols dictate the semantics of how requests for services aremade, such as requesting a file or checking for e-mail.

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TCP/IP

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aworldwide collection of smaller networks that share a common communication suite

aka intranet

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The Internet

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is an open system, built on common network, transport, and application layerprotocols, while granting the flexibility to connect a variety of computers, devices, and operatingsystems to it

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The Internet Protocol (IP)

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is a Layer 3 protocol (network layer) that is used to transmit datapackets over the Internet. It is undoubtedly the most widely used networking protocol in the world

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IP datagrams

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Information is exchanged betweentwo hosts in the form of IP packets

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version field

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describes which version of the Internet Protocol is being used

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header length field

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specifies the length of the header, in multiples of 32 bits

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type of service field

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requests that a specific level of service be offered to the datagram

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total length field

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states the total length of the datagram (including both header and data)

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identification field

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allows datagrams that are part of a sequence to be uniquely identified.

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flags field

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controls whether these datagrams may be fragmented (sent assmaller pieces and later reassembled).

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time-to-livecounter (TTL) field

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So thatdatagrams don't get caught in infinite loops and congest the network even further,

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protocol type field

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identifies the transport level protocol that is using a datagram forinformation transmission.

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header checksum

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is used to detectwhether data has been scrambled to safeguard against incorrect transmission of a datagram

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version

header length

type of service

total length

identification

flag

TTL

header checksum

source & destination IP address

datagram options

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IP Datagram format (VHTT-IFTH-SD)

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datagram options field

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the field is of variable length, and contains flags to control security settings, routinginformation, and time stamping of individual datagrams. the last field

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IP address

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Each host machine under the InternetProtocol has a unique address

is a four-byte (32-bit) address, which is usually expressed in dotted decimal format(e.g., 192.168.0.6).

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Host Name

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A much simpler addressingmechanism to associate an easy-to-remember textual name with an IP address

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Destination Unreachable

Parameter Problem

Redirect

Source Quench

Time Exceeded

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The ICMP defines five error messages (DPRST)

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

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is a Layer 4 protocol (transport layer) that providesguaranteed delivery and ordering of bytes

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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is a Layer 4 protocol (transport layer) that applications canuse to send packets of data across the Internet (as opposed to TCP, which sends a sequence ofbytes)

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Telnet

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is a service that allows users to open a remote-terminal session to a specific machine

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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ability to transfer files is extremely important. Even before the World Wide Web, peopledistributed images, documents, and software using the ________________

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Post Office Protocol,version 3 (POP3)

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With the exception of Web-based e-mail orspecialized accounts, the majority of people access their e-mail using this protocol

Messages are stored on a server, retrieved by an email client, and then deleted from the server. This allows users to read mail offline, without beingconnected to the Internet.

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InternetMessage Access Protocol (IMAP)

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This protocol is less popular, as it requires a continualconnection to the mail server, and thus increases bandwidth consumption and disk usage sincemessages are not stored on the user's system.

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

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allows messages to be delivered over the Internet

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HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

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is one of the most popular protocols in use on the Internet today; it made the World WideWeb possible.

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Finger

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is a handy protocol that allows someone to look up a person's account and find out certaininformation, such as when they last logged in and checked their mail

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Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP)

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allows users to access Usenet newsgroups. Usenet is acollection of discussion forums on a colorful and diverse number of topics

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WHOIS

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protocol allows users to look up information about a domain name

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firewall

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is a special machine that has been configured specifically to prohibit harmful incoming or outgoing data

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Proxy Servers

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is a machine that acts as a proxy for application protocols.

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Java

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a is applied to a variety of technologies created by Sun Microsystems

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The Java programming language

The Java platform

The Java API

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three main components of Java

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The Java programming language

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a programming language used to write software forthe Java platform

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The Java platform

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a range of runtime environments that support execution of softwarewritten in Java

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The Java API

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a rich, fully featured class library that provides graphical user interface,data storage, data processing, I/O, and networking support

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James Gosling

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affectionately known as the father of the Java language

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HotJava

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the first Web browser capable of running Java software released in March 1995

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•Object orientation

• Simplicity

• Automatic garbage collection

• Portability

• Multi-threaded programming

• Security

• Internet awareness

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Some of the most important properties of Java are its (OSAP-MSI)

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"Write Once, Run Anywhere,"

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The vision of Java is to WORA

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The Java Virtual Machine

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is an emulation of a hardware device

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Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE)

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used to run Java software as stand-aloneapplications, either in a user console or as a windowed application with a GUI interface

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Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)

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used to run Java software within largeenterprises, using a diverse suite of Java technologies for distributed systems, transactionmanagement, and electronic commerce.

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Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME)

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This is acut-down version of the Java 2 platform, with the emphasis on a lightweightimplementation suitable for use on low-memory systems.

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Browser runtime environments

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allowing Java code to execute within the browser, toserve up interactive content that is downloaded from a Web site

This form of Javasoftware is called an applet

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Web-server runtime environments

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allowing Java code to run within a Web server, todynamically generate Web pages and content

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J2SE

J2EE

J2ME

Browser runtime environments

Web-server runtime environments

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Java Runtime Environments

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The Java Application Program Interface (API)

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If a programming language is viewed as the mind of software, and the JVM as the heart that keepsthat software beating, then this must surely be Java's armsand legs.

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Package java.net

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comprises the majority of classes that deal with Internet programming.

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Package java.rmi.*

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a set of packages that support remote method invocation (RMI),

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Package org.omg.*

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a set of packages that support the Common Object Request BrokerArchitecture (CORBA)

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JavaMail

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an extension that provides access to e-mail services, allowing Java softwareto send and receive electronic mail.

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Java Servlets

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an extension that allows Java software to produce dynamic content for aWeb site, by executing within a Web server.

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software agent

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is a software process that acts on the behalf of one or more users, toperform specific commands and tasks or to fulfill a set of goals

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Exception handling

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is a mechanism for dealing with errors that occur in software at runtime.

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java.lang.Throwable

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all exceptions share a common class inheritance

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AWTError

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thrown when a serious error occurs in the Abstract Windowing Toolkit

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NoClassDefFoundError

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thrown when the JVM is unable to locate the classdefinition file (.class) for a class

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OutOfMemoryError

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thrown when the JVM can no longer allocate memory to objectsand the garbage collector can free no further objects

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the Error class

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are serious errors that typical Java softwareshould not encounter, and which in any case the developer will have no control over

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NoSuchElementException

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an exception thrown when an attempt is made to access the nextelement of an enumeration, but all elements have been exhausted.

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NullPointerException

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an exception thrown when an attempt to reference an object has beenmade, but the reference was null.

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SecurityException

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an exception thrown by the current security manager when an attempt toaccess a resource, object, or method has been made but not permitted

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exception handler

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This is aspecial section of code that catches any thrown exceptions

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try statement

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indicates a block of code that can generate exceptions.

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catch statement

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is used to catch exceptions thrown within a try block of code.

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finally statement

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is a generic catchall for cleaning up after a try block.

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Integrated Development Environments (IDE)

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is a suite of tools that a developer uses to design,create, modify, compile, and test software

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Borland JBuilder, Symantec Visual Café, Visual Age for Java, Visual J++, Forte for Java Community Edition

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(5) commercial IDE packages available.

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Java SDK

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The most important system development kit (SDK) available for Java developers

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127.0.0.1

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