Inside Earth, Waves, Earthquakes & Volcanoes

Front 1

Surface Wave

Back 1

The seismic waves that travel along Earth's surface and produce the most severe ground movements

Front 2

Seismic Waves

Back 2

Vibrations that move through the ground carrying the energy released during an earthquake

Front 3

Bathollith

Back 3

a mass of rock that forms when a large body of magma cools inside the crust

Front 4

caldera

Back 4

a huge hole that is left when the roof of a volcanic mountain's magma chamber collapses

Front 5

Ring of Fire

Back 5

a major volcanic belt circling the Pacific Ocean

Front 6

geyser

Back 6

groundwater heated by a nearby body of magma that can spray from the ground when under pressure

Front 7

geothermal

Back 7

an energy source that is provided by water heated by magma

Front 8

island arc

Back 8

string of islands that form from the collision of two oceanic plates

Front 9

recording and studying seismic waves

Back 9

geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth's interior by

Front 10

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Back 10

the correct order (starting from the surface) of the Earth's layers

Front 11

P wave

Back 11

the type of waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordian

Front 12

secondary waves

Back 12

s waves are also known as

Front 13

slower

Back 13

compared to p waves and s waves, surface waves move

Front 14

mercalli scale

Back 14

the scale that is used to tell how much earthquake damage was done to homes and other buildings

Front 15

ground movements caused by seismic waves

Back 15

what does a seismograph record

Front 16

p waves

Back 16

this type of earthquake wave can travel through both liquids and solids

Front 17

moment magnitude scale

Back 17

the rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake

Front 18

volcanoes forming over a hot spot

Back 18

the formation of the Hawaiian Islands is one example of

Front 19

temperature

Back 19

the viscosity of magma depends upon its silica content and

Front 20

volcanic ash

Back 20

this volcanic hazard is made up of rocky particles about the size of a grain of sand

Front 21

composite volcano

Back 21

tall, cone shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash

Front 22

dome mountain

Back 22

the landform that forms when a mass of hardened magma is uplifted, causing the layers of rock to bend upward

Front 23

silica

Back 23

the major ingredient in magma

Front 24

magma

Back 24

before lava reaches the surface, the molten material is called

Front 25

island arc

Back 25

volcanoes along converging oceanic plates boundaries form these

Front 26

dormant

Back 26

a volcano that may erupt again at some time in the distant future is

Front 27

indirect evidence

Back 27

scientists don't actually see what they are studying but use methods like seismic waves to determine information

Front 28

direct evidence

Back 28

scientists actually see what they are studying like drilling for rock samples

Front 29

lithosphere

Back 29

a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and crust

Front 30

asthenosphere

Back 30

the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats

Front 31

movement of Earth's plates

Back 31

this causes earthquakes

Front 32

focus

Back 32

the area beneath Earth's surface where rock is under stress

Front 33

epicenter

Back 33

the area directly above the focus

Front 34

pahoehoe

Back 34

fast moving, hot lava that has a low viscosity

Front 35

aa

Back 35

cooler and slow moving lava that has a higher viscosity and forms a rough surface

Front 36

magma chamber

Back 36

pocket below a volcano that collects magma

Front 37

vent

Back 37

molten material leaves a volcano through an opening called a

Front 38

quiet eruption

Back 38

low silica content, lava oozes from the vent and can flow for many kilometers

Front 39

explosive eruption

Back 39

high silica content, magma builds up and explodes violently from the vent

Front 40

active

Back 40

a volcano that is erupting or will be in the near future

Front 41

extinct

Back 41

a volcano that is unlikely to erupt again

Front 42

shield volcano

Back 42

lava flows gradually to build a wide gently sloping mountain

Front 43

cinder cone volcano

Back 43

high viscosity, lava produces ash, cinder and bombs that build up around a vent in a steep, cone shaped hill

Front 44

lava plateau

Back 44

lava forms high level flat areas

Front 45

dike

Back 45

forms when magma moves between rock layers in a vertical direction

Front 46

sill

Back 46

forms when magma moves between rock layers in a horizontal direction

Front 47

volcanic neck

Back 47

forms when magma hardens in a volcano's pipe