• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/155

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

155 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What species does Trichomonas Foetus affect? And in which organ does it replicate in?

Cattle, Genital tract

Describe the pathogenesis of a Trichomonas Infection in cows AND bulls

· Cows

Mating of naive cows→ multiply in vagina →uterus → Destroys placenta → abortion (6-8 weeks after mating) → late return to service·


Bulls


Occurs in the prepucial cavity of bulls → no disease

How would you diagnose a Trichomonas infection in cattle?

Serology of vaginal/cervical mucous, culture of the stomach contents of an aborted foetus or flush the prepuce with saline or growth media and culture it



Describe the common outcomes of a Trichomonas infection in cattle

Cows generally recover, but occasionally pyometra is a sequelae. The cow can also be persistently infected for up to 5 months.


It is difficult to eradicate the organisms from bulls, so they are usually culled.

T/F: Feline Trichomonas infections are very similar to Bovine Trichomonas infections

True

Describe any pathology of a Trichomonas infection in cats

Lymphoplasmocytic/neutrophilic colitis

How is Giardia transmitted?

Oocysts are the infective stage, they are often waterborne so animals get infected when they drink contaminated water. Transmission can also be 'Hand to Mouth'.

Describe the significance of Giardia in domestic animals

Infection with Giardia is common, but clinical disease is not. Diarrhoea is the main clinical sign.


Giardia is zoonotic

How can you support a diagnosis of Giardia?

Detection of large numbers of Trophozoites/cysts in faeces


(though just because there are Giardia trophozoites/cysts in the faeces, doesn't mean they are the cause of the diarrhoea)

How do synthetic Pyrethroids differ from natural Pyrethrins?

Synthetic Pyrethroids are synthetic analogues of natural pyrethrins. They have an increased stability in UV light, increased potency and increased lipid solubility.

Describe the toxicity level of Synthetic Pyrethroids to mammals and fish

Low toxicity for mammals and high toxicity to fish

Describe the efficacy of different formulations of Ivermectin against biting and sucking lice

Pour-on= kills both sucking & biting lice


Oral= kills sucking lice but not biting lice


Injectable = kills sucking lice and 'aids in the control' of biting lice

Describe the mechanism of action of Insect Growth Regulators (such as Methoprene, Lufenuron, Fenoxycarb and Pyriproxyfen)

They mimic insect juvenile growth hormone. When there is too much juvenile growth hormone in the insect's body, it prevents the larvae from pupating. So the use of Insect growth regulators, prevents the larvae from pupating, therefore they cannot progress through their lifecycle and cannot reproduce. Eventually the insect population will die off.

describe how fipronil achieves long-term action against fleas

Fipronil disperses over the animal's skin, concentrating in the sebaceous glands. Here, the Fipronil is protected from getting washed off and are able to be slowly released.

How do some flea treatments, such as Advantage or Advocate, achieve environmental control of fleas

Imidacloprid is the active ingredient in such flea treatments. Because it is dissolved in 2 different substances, you get microcrystals forming in the coat. Some crystals drop off the fur coat and are able to kill flea eggs and larvae in the environment.

What is a disadvantage of using Synthetic Pyrethroids for treating louse infestation in sheep?

They leave residues in the wool - long withholding times, esp. bad for merino farmers

What insecticide only treats flystrike, and is also the most effective but expensive flystrike treatment on the market?

Dicyclanil (in the product, 'Click')

I am an insecticide.


I am effective against larval stages of blowflies and louse, but not the adult stages. I provide long-term protection against flystrike.


Who am I?

Diflubenzuron/Triflumuron (which are both part of the Benzoylphenylurea class, which are insect growth regulators)

Define Acaricide

Acaricides are pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass Acari, which includes ticks and mites

What are the 2 most important routes of infection with Toxocara Canis?

Pre-natal and transmammary

At what age are puppies most likely to develop an infection resulting in clinical disease by ingesting T.Canis larvae?

Before 2-3 months

Describe the Pathogenesis of Toxocara Canis

· Migratory phase

-Can cause immediate perinatal loss (stillborns)


-Can cause pneumonia (rare), coughing or nasal discharge due to migrating through the lungs· Intestinal phase


-Parasite competes for nutrients (causes illthrift) -Migration through the SI leads to irritation and vomiting after eating

What route of infection is more important in T.Cati infections compared with T.Canis infection?

Ingestion of infected paratenic hosts (e.g. mice)

When would you treat puppies infected with T.Canis?

First treatment at 2 weeks, then at 3 and 4 weeks of age and a final one at weaning (~6 weeks).

Describe the differences between the transmission routes of Ancylostoma Caninum and Unicinaria Stenocephala

A.Caninum: Percutaneous and transmammary infection (pre-natal infection is relatively unimportant)


U.Stenocephala: Oral infection with L3, Per-cutaneous infection is possible but doesnt usually lead to a patent infection. NO transmammary

What endoparasite of dogs is described as a voracious and wasteful blood-feeder

A.Caninum

How can you prevent hookworm infections in dogs?

Raised kennels with slats or gratings

Feed off the ground


At worst move kennels frequently and dose regularly


Collect and dispose faeces


There was some vaccination against A.Caninum but it didn’t really work

What is the most common endoparasite of adult dogs?

T.Vulpis

Briefly describe the pathogenesis of T.Vulpis

Mechanical damage to mucosa + ensuing inflammation

What anthelmintics should you use against Trichuris Vulpis?

Oxantel (in ‘Canex Plus’) or a Febantel +Pyrantel combination (in ‘Drontal All-wormer’)

MLs have a poor efficacy

T/F cestodes are can cause serious clinical disease in dogs and cats

False

What are the 2 genera of cestodes that commonly infect cats and dogs in NZ?

Taenia & Dipylidium

T/F we probably treat cats and dogs for worms too regularly

True- we should really do faecal egg counts and then assess whether they need to be treated or not

Describe the basic morphology of an insect

6 legs

1 or 2 pairs of wings


1 pair of antennae


Bilateral symmetry


1 pair of legs per abdominal segments


Split into head, thorax and abdomen


Mouth-parts adapted to sucking or biting


Breath air through spiracles

Describe in detail the lifecycle of a Blowfly (Family Calliphoridae)

o Eggs are laid on suitable food sources (such aslive animals or carrion)

o L1 hatch and use mouth hooks and enzymes to feed on the medium in which they were laid


o L3 leaves the food source and buries itself (usually in soil)


o Here it pupates for about 3 days to 4 weeks –temperature dependent


o An adult fly emerges and needs to feed on protein


o 2 days later it will be sexually mature


o The lifecycle can be completed in 7-10 days, under optimal conditions

What is cutaneous Myiasis?

Infestation of host cutaneous tissues by larvae of dipteran flies

Name the species of Blowfly that cause primary flystrike in New Zealand

o Lucilia Sericata

o Lucilia Cuprina


o Calliphora Stygia

What genus of Blowfly does this little sh*t belong too?

What genus of Blowfly does this little sh*t belong too?

Calliphora (Calliphora Stygia)

Name the genus that this lil bitch belongs to

Name the genus that this lil bitch belongs to

Lucilia (Lucilia Sericata or Cuprina - hard to tell the difference between those 2)

Name the main fly that is responsible for secondary flystrike in NZ

Chrysomya Rufifacies

What's the difference between primary and secondary strike flies?

Primary fly strike flies can initiate fly strike on intact skin, secondary flystrike flies require a pre-existing wound

What House fly (family Muscidae) has the most veterinary importance in NZ?

Stomoxys Calcitrans (stable fly) - annoying ass insect, capable of transmitting Habronema nematodes and blood-borne pathogens

Contrast the food sources of the 2 houseflies: M.Domestica and S.Calcitrans

S.Calcitrans has biting mouthparts and feeds on blood. M.Domesitca feeds on a variety of organic matter.

Describe the lifecycle of a Mosquito

o Females require a blood meal to produce eggs

o Eggs are laid in water and are provided with floats


o Larvae hatch and attach themselves to the water’s surface by siphons (through which they also breath)- they feed on micro-organisms in the water


o After 3 larval instar stages, pupation occurs -If larvae or pupae disturbed, they can detach themselves and sink, resurfacing later


o After complete metamorphosis, the adult emerges

Why are Mosquitos so bad?

They are very important as disease vectors


- Malaria is the most well know of these diseases


- Can transmit filarial nematodes e.g. Dirofilaria


- Can transmit a number of other viruses e.g. Dengue fever

What species of botfly larvae are infecting the different parts of this horse's GIT?

What species of botfly larvae are infecting the different parts of this horse's GIT?

A- Gasterophilus Intestinalis (larvae burrow into the non-glandular region of the stomach)


B- Gasterophilus Nasalis (larvae burrow into the 1st part of the duodenum)

What parasite is sneezed out of a sheep's nasal cavity?

Oestrus Ovis

What clinical signs are expected in a horse infected with Gasterophilus larvae?

None- they have little impact on the health of the horse

Describe the basic morphology of lice (Family Hippoboscidae)

-Stout legs with hooks to attach themselves to hair shafts

-May or may not have simple eyes


-Wingless insects


-3 pairs of legs


-Flattened dorsoventrally – distinguishes them from fleas

Is this a biting louse or a sucking louse?

Is this a biting louse or a sucking louse?

Biting (Bovicola Equi)
I remember it because sucking lice have a long mouth, like a straw, and you suck on straws

Biting (Bovicola Equi)


I remember it because sucking lice have a long mouth, like a straw, and you suck on straws

T/F lice can complete their whole life cycle on the host

True

Under what conditions and what sort of animals will you find the biggest louse infestations?

During the winter - thicker hair coat providing a more stable environment


On young or sick/poorly-cared-for animals



List 4 problems that louse can cause the host

1- Irritation


2- Anaemia (sucking lice only)


3- Possible hypersensitivity (rare)


4- Transmission of disease (e.g. Typhus or Dipylidium)

What are the 3 genera of sucking louse that are of veterinary importance?

1- Haematopinus

2- Linognathus - Most common in NZ


3- Solenoptes

What are the 3 species of lice that humans get? Are they biting or sucking louse? Which of these can transmit Typhus?

o Pediculus Humanus Corporis (humanis) – body lice

o Pediculus humanus Capitis – head lice


o Phthirus Pubis – crabs


All are sucking lice. Body lice transmit Typhus

What biting lice are of veterinary importance in NZ? ( there's 3 genera)

1- Bovicola (ovis, bovis and equi)


2- Trichodectes (canis)


3-Felicola (subrostratus)

Describe the basic morphology of the flea

o Laterally flattened, wingless insects

o Renowned for their jumping ability


o Use piercing mouthparts to suck blood


o Many species have thick spines on lower posterior borders of head (Ctenidia)

Describe the lifecycle of a flea

 Eggs laid in hair coat of host, most (70%) will drop off into environment

 Larvae hatch and feed on adult fleas’ faeces (flea dirt)


 L3 spins a silk cocoon and pupates


 Pre-emerged adults can sit in the cocoon at a reduced metabolic rate until there is host activity in the environment


 Adults feed on blood immediately and only live a short while (7-11 days) – they mate more than once

What are two environmental factors that affect a flea's development?

Temperature and Humidity

Why are fleas more prevalent in the summer?

Because the optimal temperature for egg hatching is ~25°C –if it’s too cold, the eggs wont develop, if it’s really cold, the eggs will die. So more eggs will successfully hatch in summer.

A dog enters an old, run-down house that has been abandoned for 5 months. He stays a few weeks, then leaves. But he leaves with a flea burden that he did not have before????? BUT HOW

Pre-emerged adults can stay in their cocoons at a reduced metabolic rate, until they detect host activity in their environment. Pre-emerged adults can survive inside the cocoons for 20-30 weeks.

What diseases can a flea transmit?

• Bubonic plague

• Myxomatosis


• Dipylidium Caninum

What is the most common species of fleas on cats and dogs?

Ctenocephalides Felis (C.Canis is far less prevalent)

What species of flea is found on both dogs and pigs?

Pulex Irritans

Are fleas host-specific?

Na not really

Describe a classical presentation of Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Intense pruritis. Lesions (alopecia, inflammation, redness, thickened skin etc) are typically observed on the dorsal lumbosacrum and tailhead (in a Christmas tree shape) often extending down the caudal thighs

Name as many different kinds of flea treatments as you can (not what kind of insecticide)

-Powders


-Flea Collars


-Spot-ons


-Aerosol sprays/hand-pumps


-Shampoos, rinses and mousses


-Oral tablets

What is the most important measure to take in the control of fleas in pets?

Environmental control


Clean and vacuum EVERYTHING. Put flea powder on bedding and carpet etc. Most of the flea population is in the environment so you need to deal with those f*ckers.

Name 3 genera of non-burrowing mites

Chorioptes, Psoroptes, Otodectes

Describe the species of non-burrowing mite that is notifiable in NZ

Psoroptes Ovis


Causes severe dermatitis and pruritus in sheep. It was eradicated from NZ in the 80's but is still in a lot of countries.

Is Otodectes Cynotis more common as a source of ear irritation in dogs or cats?

Dogs

What causes 'walking dandruff'?

Cheyletiella Mites

What is a typical presentation of an animal suffering from a Cheyletiella

Sometimes see no signs. But can see an increase in grooming sometimes. Some animals will show a scruffy, itchy, greasy coat (particularly long haired cats). You may also see small red spots on skin (similar to flea infestation).

Describe the prevalence of Sarcoptic mange among veterinary species

o Relatively common in dogs – pinna tend to be affectedo Very common in pigs o May also affect horses and cattleo Extremely rare in cats

Describe the pathogenesis of Sarcoptic Mange

Mites live in tunnels in epidermal layers of the skin. The females excavate little tunnels and some mites live on surface of skin. • Local inflammatory responses to burrowing result in oedema, erythema and the accumulation of inflammatory cells• Scratching and rubbing break the skin, remove hair and result in scab formation• Chronically affected animals show marked thickening of the skin

How would you diagnose Sarcoptic mange?

Only small mite numbers are needed to cause mange, therefore finding one a skin scrape is diagnostic of Sarcoptic mange. May need to take more than one skin scrape to catch a mite. Alternatively diagnosis by treatment trial can also be effective. Sarcoptic mange is very easy to treat. In dogs you can use Selamectin (Revolution) or Moxidectin (Advantage).

Apart from Otodectes Cynotis, which other mites can infest the ears of cats?

Notoedres Cati

List ways in which Demodectic mange differs from Sarcoptic mange

- Demodex mites are commensals and only cause disease when there is immunosuppression


- Demodectic mange is difficult to treat


- Demodex mites live in hair follicles


- Demodectic mange is non-pruritic (unless there's secondary infection)


- Heaps of mites are usually found on skin scrapes etc



Why do faecal floats sometimes reveal demodex mites?

dogs bite and lick themselves and subsequently swallow mites

What is the most significant effect of Demodecosis in cattle?

Can cause damage to hides (approx 5% of cattle hides affected)

What can you do to coat brushings to help you see mites?

• Digest skin/hair with KOH o Leave brushings in KOH in a water bath o Centrifuge ito Only keep the pelleto Suspend in sucroseo Put cover slip on top of tubeo Mites etc stick to coverslip

What is the difference between hard ticks and soft ticks?

- Hard ticks have a dorsal shield and forward projecting mouthparts- Soft ticks, no ds and mouthparts held ventrally- Hard ticks tend to feed once at each lifecycle stage- Soft ticks often feed repeatedly

Describe the lifecycle of a tick

• Eggs laid in one large batch (thousands) in moist, sheltered spot in environment• 6-legged larvae climbs up grass blades and awaits passage of suitable host• Once fed, larva can either remain on host to moult, or drop back to ground• Each stage feeds only once and may do so on one or more hostso When all 3 develop sequentially and feed on the one animals = one host tick

What is the only tick present in NZ? What is its significance?

Haemaphysalis Longicornis. It infects cattle in certain part of NZ - causes irritation, damage to pelts and transmit Theileria.

T/F Male ticks are not present in NZ

True - the only tick we have is Haemaphysalis Longicornis and that's parthenogenic

Describe the 2 different modes of disease transmission in ticks

Transtadial (Stage to stage)


Larval stage of tick gets infected with theileria when it feeds on infected cow, drops off and moults into nymph, hopes onto next host – the next host gets theileria


Transovarial (to next generation)


infection in ticks passed onto their offspring e.g. Babesia

Describe the lifecycle of Theileria Orientalis

• Multiplication in lymphocytes (schizogony) of cattle• Then they move into RBCs (mostly as single organisms – may undergo some division here or not)• Goes into tick when tick feeds on cow, forms gametocytes• Gametes fuse• Sporozoites secreted in tick salivary glands – infect new host when tick feeds

What damage to a cow can Theileria Orientalis cause

Causes intravascular haemolysis - results in anaemia and jaundice. hypoxic damage to liver also occurs.

Describe cattle immunity to Dictyocaulus viviparous

Strong immunity to Dictyocaulus develop rapidly. However, this immunity wanes after 6-7 months, so it requires regular 'boosting'.

Describe the seasonal pattern of Dictyocaulus Viviparous

Small numbers of larvae on pasture over winter. Early spring calves pick up small burden and multiply it up so there is a greater burden on the pasture later in spring. Calves born later will be more at risk of developing large burdens and clinical signs. Immunity develops quickly, so calves lose their burden and have little larval output in summer/autumn

What is the different between the prepatent phase and the patent phase of a Dictyocaulus Viviparous infection in cattle?

Prepatent Phase


Blockage of smaller bronchioles. Causes an eosinophilic exudate, atelectasis +/- emphysema/oedema. Clinical signs include coughing and tachypnoea.


Patent Phase


Adults in larger calibre airways. Causes epithelial damage, copious exudation of fluid, and aspiration of exudate, parasites and their eggs. Clinical signs include dyspnoea, coughing attacks (paraxysmal coughing), nasal/oral discharge, anorexia and dehydration

When might you see clinical signs associated with Dictyocaulus Viviparous infection in older animals?

• If massively challenged

• If immunity failed to develop in 1st year (Anthelmintic boluses, persistent products may have contributed to this)


If not challenged for sustained periods as a young animal


• Maturation of inhibited larvae in spring has been associated with clinical signs in yearlings

How do you treat and control Dictyocaulus Viviparous Infections in cattle?

Using pretty much any anthelmintic (BZs, MLs, Levamisole) should do the trick. Regular GIT nematode treatment should also be able to deal to the Dictyocaulus. Because of the disease's sporadic nature, attempt to control it are a waste of time.

What worm has done this to these sheep lungs?

What worm has done this to these sheep lungs?

Muellerius Capillaris

T/F Metastrongylus infection in pigs is not clinically significant

True

How is Filaroides Osleri Spread?

• Spread by close contact e.g. mother to pupso Wild dogs regurgitate food for pups back at den• Faecal-oral spread not considered important

How do cats become infected with Aelurostrongyus Abstrusus

By ingesting Mollusc IH or a paratenic host (bird, rodent, reptile)

How should you treat lung worm infections in cats and dogs?

Fenbendazole. MLs can also be effective

What damage can Dirofilaria Immitis cause?

• Damage to arterial endotheliumo Perivascular oedemao Villous hypertrophy of endothelium



• Progressive fibrosis of pulmonary vasculatureo Repeated embolism by defunctional adult worms




• Pulmonary hypertensiono Elevated right ventricular afterloado RSCHFo Hepatic failure, cirrhosis and ascites

What clinical signs are seen with more severe infections of Dirofilaria Immitis? What determines the severity of infection?

Severity of disease is related to parasite number and duration of infection.

The clinical signs seen in order of increasing infection are....




o Chronic cougho Exercise intoleranceo Anorexiao Weight losso Dyspnoeao Syncope (temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure.)o Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)o Asciteso Death

Why is 'self-cure' unlikely in dogs with severe heartworm disease?

Because dogs develop poor immunity to heartworm and the parasites live for a long time, so they aint going nowhere quick.

Are there any suitable IHs in NZ for Dirofilaria Immitis?

Well there's 14 species of mosquitos in NZ• 11 are unique to NZ and its unknown if they would be able to carry heartworm• The 3 introduced species are known heartworm carriers

What cestode can cause the most severe disease in humans?

Echinococcus Granulosus -can cause lots of big ass cysts in the lungs, liver or brain

What measures are in place to control Hyatid infections on NZ farms?

· Offal-feeding ban (no farmer has beenprosecuted though)


· Regular dog treatments (niclosamide [back in theday], now praziquantel)


· Testing of farm dogs with purgative (Arecoline) –testing strips (Testing strips were when all the farm dogs inthe area were lined up and dosed with drugs that void the intestinal tract [Arecoline]. Then a control officer went around and collected faeces fortesting – not really done now)

Briefly describe the effects of Hyatids on human health

Most Hyatid infections in humans are asymptomatic. Infections can persist for years without being noticed. Problems arise from the shear mass of large cysts e.g. bile duct obstruction. Problems also occur when cysts rupture.

Do we get human hyatid infections in NZ?

Not hyatids of NZ origin have caused infection in humans since 1997. Small number of infections in NZ today are all people who picked up the infection from overseas (and some who picked up the infection prior to 1997)

Does cysticercus Ovis affect human health?

No

T/F Cysticercus Ovis prevalence is much higher in adult sheep than in lambs

True

List some control measure in place on NZ farms for Taenia Ovis

• Appropriate dog feeding• Regular dog dosing (monthly cestocidal dog treatment?)• Prevent dogs scavenging

T/F Cysticercus Ovis is treatable

Na, not really. Most drugs (and the immune system) can't get to them in their little cysts

What hosts does Taenia Saginata affect? Describe its prevalence in NZ

DH= humans, IH= cattle. Low prevalence in NZ. No human infections here (except a few, who acquired it from overseas)

What is Taenia Hydatigena?

o False hydatid o Lifecycle similar to E.Granulosus o Damage to sheep livers

What restrictions/laws are in place to prevent Echinococcus Granulosa infections in NZ?

- There are restrictions on offal feeding, home kill etc (Can still feed if you boil for 30 mins or frozen at 10 degrees for >10 days)

- Abattoir surveillance to continue


- No compulsory requirement for dog dosing since 1993


- Restrictions on imported animals

Is there any risk in NZ of human Sparganosis (infection with Spirometra Erinacei)?

Yes. • Adult tapeworms found in several feral cats from Fielding• Dogs and cats both potential DH • In Australia high prevalence in rural/feral cats, dingoes, foxes – low prevalence in urban dogs (and Australia isn't that far away, so it ain't that hard for it to come here)

What is Sparganosis?

Infection with Spirometra Erinacei. Generally asymptomatic, but can get marked inflammation. Humans get infected by drinking contaminated water or eating feral pig meat.

How can humans and pigs become infected with T.Spiralis in NZ?

o Salting/curry may not kill (all) larvaeo Predation o Handling/cutting raw pigmeat – can infect people without actually being ingested o Tail-biting (pigs not people) o Contamination of feed Improperly cooked swill (pork scraps) Carcasseso Faecal contamination – there’s only a small amount of faecal larval shedding

What is the prevalence of T.Spiralis infections in people in NZ

No cases recorded since 2002

What diagnostic tests are used for detection of T.Spiralis infections?

• Trichinoscopy (Out-dated, low sensitivity)

• Pepsin-digest (Better sensitivity)


• Feeding rats suspected infected meat (Most effective method, but is time consuming and ethically expensive)


• ELISA (more for diagnosis of human cases )

What parasites are important for causing visceral larval migrans (VLM) in humans?

T.Canis (unsure of T.Cati's role)

What groups of people have the highest prevalence of T.Canis infections?

Hyatid control officers> dog breeders> vets> rural adults

Describe the 2 main syndromes of Trichinosis in humans

• 1st one is in young children (<3 years)o General malaiseo Asthma-like symptoms/pneumonitis o Hepatomegaly/hepatitis o Persistent eosinophilia o Myalgia, headaches o Young children in households with puppies and poor hygiene more at risk



• 2nd one is in older children (adolescents) o Ocular form – retinal glaucomao Various degrees of uveitis/retinitis o Historic confusion with ocular tumouro Expect 10-20 cases of human ocular VLM

How can you prevent visceral larval migrans (VLM)?

o Hygieneo In households with young children and puppies, hygiene must be exemplaryo Faeces regularly disposed Before eggs become infective And before faeces smeared o Early treatment of young animalso 1st treatment at 2 weeks, regular thereaftero Adult dogs are not a great source of ascarid eggso 3-4 annual treatments can still in theory allow some egg production

What is the difference between mould and yeast?

Mould is a fungi that contains multiple identical nuclei. It grows in the form of hyphae of filaments. It reproduces via small spores, either asexually or sexually.

Yeast is a type of fungi that contains only a single cell. Most replicate asexually (budding).

Where in an animal's body does Aspergillus Fumigatus inhabit?

Only inhabits aerated cavities (nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, guttural pouch, air sacs or ear canals)

Where does Aspergillus Fumigatus live in the environment

As spores in dust and air. Or in vegetative state in compost heaps and poor quality hay/silage

Under what conditions can Aspergillosis occur (describe for both primary and secondary)?

Primary Aspergillosis is rare and occurs in healthy individuals that have inhaled a massive dose of spores.


Secondary Aspergilllosis occurs in immunocompromised individuals, often secondary to primary allergic orbacterial inflammation. May also see systemic spread of disease.

Describe the 3 categories of Aspergillosis disease

o Invasive Aspergillosis/mycosis (When fungus invades into host tissues A.Fumigatus, A.Flavus, A.terreus)

o Aspergilloma/non-invasive aspergillosis (Tuberculosis like lesions in lungs A.Fumigatus, A.Niger)


o Allergic Aspergillosis (Quite common in horses A.Fumigatus)

Describe the general pathogenesis of Aspergillosis

1. Spores inhaled intonasal passages or lungs

2. Development of germtube (1-2 days)a. Stimulates hostinflammatory reaction, see build up of exudate


3. Hyphae growa. Host tries to limitgrowth (Fibrous capsuledevelops around infected area)


4. Hyphae invadesurrounding tissues.If they invade bloodvessels then you may see widespreaddissemination of fungus

What are 4 virulence factors of Aspergillus Fumigatus

1- Adhesins: spore surface proteins bind to extracellular matrix.


2- Extracellular enzyme production: breakdown host tissue.


3- Inhibitive toxin: Inhibits cilia activity and phagocytosis by macrophages.


4- Pigment: Free radical scavenger. Reduces effectiveness of phagolysosome.

What host factors affect Aspergillus infection?

Immunosuppression allows them to proliferate

Describe the different presentation of Aspergillosis in cattle

• Infection spreads haematogenously to uterus, foetal membranes, foetal skin – abortion

• Can rarely see mycotic mastitis due to aspergillus (Diagnose by culture of milk)


• May also cause ocular infections, pneumonia in housed calves and diarrhoea in calves

Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of the main clinical presentation of aspergillosis in dogs (The only one we were taught)

Canine nasal Aspergillosis:


Hyphae invade and destroy nasal tissue. Often unilateral. Causes nasal discharge and destruction of the nares.

Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of the main clinical presentation of aspergillosis in horses (The only one we were taught)

Guttural Pouch Mycosis


Hyphae invade the walls of the guttural pouch, infection is usually unilateral. Results in muco-purulent discharge and possibly unilateral epistaxis, laryngeal deformation, neurological signs or peri-auricular swelling

What is the route of infection and clinical signs of aspergillosis in mature birds?

o Inhale spores from contaminated feed or littero Dyspnoea and emaciation o Ocular signs o Nodules or diffuse infection in lungs and air sacso Dissemination possible

What problems can Aspergillus cause on a poultry farm?

Brooder pneumonia. Often fatal and causes nodules in the lungs and air sacs

What samples would you collect to diagnose mycotic abortion?

o Placenta and foetal membranes

o Foetal lung and foetal stomach contents (for Culture, smear and microscopy or histopathology)


o Plaques on foetal skin (via Moist swab, Direct impression smear or Biopsy)

What are the sources and routes of infection of Cryptococcus Neoformans?

The source of the infection is in avian droppings and contaminated soil. Animals usually become infected by inhaling infected dust.

What is the common clinical presentation of Cryptococcus in the cat?

• Clinical disease is most commonly seen in young to middle aged, outdoor cats.



• 70% of cases present with nasal signs (Flesh-coloured, polyp-like granulomas in nasal cavity)




• 30% cases are cutaneous (Lesions typically occurring on the head, face and necko With an accompanying peripheral lymphadenopathy)


• Pulmonary signs rare


• 25% cases show concurrent neurological signs


• Chorioretinitis is also a rare ocular presentation

How does the clinical presentation of Cryptococcus in a cat differ from that in a dog?

It is much rare in dogs, only sporadic cases seen. Ocular and neurological lesions are the most common presentation, followed by respiratory/GIT disease and, least commonly, cutaneous disease

What tests are used for diagnosing Cryptococcosis? Are they useful?

Latex Agglutination Test: • Detects early cases and useful for monitoring response to treatment.

Culturing: Culture ≠ infection if no other supportiveevidence available. Does distinguish serotypes though.


There are also lots of serological tests too

Describe the pathogenesis of Equine Sporotrichosis

• Fungal spores enter abrasions on limbso Initially red, hard nodule on fetlockso These enlarge, ulcerate and drain purulent exudateo The fungus then spreads through the lymphatic vessels Produces ulcerating, draining papules along the lymphatic vessels May also see prominent, tortuous cord-like lymphatics radiating from noduleso May see subcutaneous oedema, due to blocked lymphaticso Lesions spread up limbs and along chest, abdomen and neck

Why do cats with sporotrichosis present a greater zoonotic risk than horses with sporotrichosis?

Cats usually in very close contact with peopele and also they have extremely large numbers of yeast cells present in exudates of ulcerated nodules

What is the clinical presentation of epizootic lymphangitis in horses?

• Lymphatic vessels enlarge and hardeno Chains of ulcerating and discharging nodules - proud flesh usually erupts at ulceration sites. there is also regional lymphadenopathy

What should you do if you get a case of epizootic lymphangitis in a horse in NZ?

It is a notifiable exotic disease in NZ so you should call MPI. (Pictured: Adele calling MPI)

It is a notifiable exotic disease in NZ so you should call MPI. (Pictured: Adele calling MPI)

Describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of histoplasmosis in dogs and cats

Causes a systemic mycosis. Spores are inhaled, ingested or enter through cutaneous wounds. Disseminated disease is linked to immunosuppression. See respiratory signs, anorexia, weight loss, depression, fever and occasionally ocular signs.

Describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of blastomycosis in dogs

Infection is obtained from inhaled conidia in the environment. Young dogs of sporting breeds are most commonly affected. Can cause respiratory signs (§ Coughing, exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, weight loss).


Can cause lymphadenitis.


Can cause cutaneous signs (granulomas +/- ulcer)

Describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of coccidiomycosis
• Affects dogs, humans, horses, subclinical in other species• Found in soil of low-elevation deserts of SW USA, Mexico, South/Central America• Inhaled arthrospores cause granulomas in lung/lymph nodes• Can spread to bone, brain, kidney, liver and spleen• Dogs present with fever, cough, Inappetenceo May recover spontaneously • Chronic infections show coughing, weakness, depression and weight loss• Dissemination typically causes osteomyelitis +/- skin lesionso Lymphadenopathy, orchitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis, CNS/heart lesions also recognised

Describe some aspects of the ecology of Malassezia Pachydermatitis

It is a commensal cutaneous yeast. It is also an opportunistic pathogen (wtf Malassezia, I trusted you). It is an oval, budding yeast. It inhabits areas of the skin that are rich in sebaceous glands (ears canal, perianal area, skin folds and interdigital skin).

What are some predisposing factors of Malassezia Pachydermatitis?

- Seborrhoea


- Atopy


- West Highland White terriers

Describe the clinical disease caused by Malassezia Pachydermatitis in cats and dogs

Causes dermatitis in the infected areas of the skin. Greasy, oily skin evident with matted hair. Chronic cases will show hyperpigmentation of skin. It is also a common cause of otitis externa.

Malassezia Pachydermatitis usually causes otitis externa, describe the clinical signs and predisposing factors

Predisposing factors: Poor ear conformationo Wax retentiono Immunosuppression

Clinical signs: Dark, pungent discharge from earo Intense prurituso Ear mucosa painful and swollen Rub ears repeatedly • Beware secondary aural haematomas

How do you diagnose Malassezia dermatitis/otitis externa in a dog?

Cotton tip swab and direct examination under a microscope usually sufficient - you see little yeasts.

Cotton tip swab and direct examination under a microscope usually sufficient - you see little yeasts.

How do you treat Malassezia dermatitis/otitis externa in a dog?

o Identify and treat underlying condition if presento Topical treatment Ear preparations containing antifungals (e.g. Clotrimazole) or shampoos containing miconazole/chlorhexidineo Systemic treatment if necessary Ketoconazole or itraconazole• Griseofulvin not effective against Malasseziao Chronic cases of otitis externa may require surgery Ablation of the ear canal

What's so important about polymorphism in regards to Candida Albicans?

Candida Albicans can appear as a single cell organism, pseudohyphae or true hyphae. It is a virulence factor and allows it to evade the immune system

List 5 conditions in veterinary species caused by Candida Albicans

1- Cutaneous Candidiasis


2- Mycotic Stomatitis


3- Gastro-oesophageal ulcers


4- Rumenitis


5- Bovine mastitis


There's also lots of others