Infectious Disease Exam 1

Front 1

Otitis externa pathogens

Back 1

Bacteria: Staphylococcus intermedius
Pseudomonas species
Protesu species
E. coli
Klebsiella species
Malassezia yeast

Front 2

Otitis externa species

Back 2

dogs and cats

Front 3

Otitis externa clinical presentation

Back 3

thick firm less pliable ear canals with proliferative changes
erythema
edema
exudate (dark brown, yellow)

Front 4

Chronic otitis externa clinical presentation

Back 4

hyperplasia lichenification, hyperpgimentation.

Front 5

Otitis externa DDX

Back 5

Otitis externa
Foreign body
Tumor
Idiopathic vestibular disease
Hypersensitivities - atopic dermatitis, food allergy

Front 6

Primary causes of otitis externa

Back 6

parasites - otodectes cynotis
Demodex mites
Foreign bodies
hypersensitiviyt
neoplasia or polymps
keratinization disorders - seborrhea
Endocrine disorder

Front 7

otitis externa predisposing factors

Back 7

conformation (stenotic canals, hair in canals, penduous pinnae
excessive moisture
treatment effects - irritant
systemic disease

Front 8

otitis externa perpetuating factors

Back 8

Bacteria
malassizia
Progressive pathological changes
otitis media

Front 9

Otitis externa transmission

Back 9

combination of predisposing factors that allow for the natural flora to explode in population

Front 10

Otitis externa diagnosis

Back 10

microscopy for otodectes or demodex
cytology for bacteria or yeast

Front 11

Ovine interdigital dermatitis pathogen

Back 11

Fusobacterium necrophorum
( sheep fuzzy - fuso)

Front 12

Fusobacterium characteristics

Back 12

Gram negative rod
Obligate anaerobe
Non-spore forming
Virulence factors
Lives in mucus membranes and GI tract and in nature

Front 13

Fusobacterium virulence factors

Back 13

LPS - endotoxin
Cytotoxin - leukotoxin

Front 14

Ovine interdigitial dermatitis clinical presentation

Back 14

interdigital dermatitis
under running of the hoof.
lameness

Front 15

Ovine interdigitial dermatitis DDX

Back 15

Trauma
Foreign body
Caustic burn
Bacterial: clostridial myositis, foot rot
Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease

Front 16

Ovine interdigitital dermatitis

Back 16

Fusobacterium necrophorum - ubiquitous

Front 17

Ovine transmission

Back 17

occurs when there has been heavy rainfall for several weeks and temps above 50 degrees
Transmitted via soil contact.

Front 18

Ovine interdigital dermititis organs involved

Back 18

Skin in between toes, not the hoof

Front 19

Ovine interdigital dermatitis diagnosis

Back 19

Clinical signs
culture - interpretation difficult

Front 20

Ovine interdigital dermatits prevention

Back 20

Practice good foot health and hygiene
Foot baths
Segregate infected animals, quarantine animals coming into the herd
Avoidance - clean trailers
Vaccinate - may not be effective
Drain pastures
Rest pastures after outbreak

Front 21

Is ovine interdigital dermatitis zoonotic

Back 21

YES

Front 22

Contagious Ovine digital dermatitis pathogen

Back 22

Dichelobacter nodosus

Front 23

Dichelobacter nodosus characteristics

Back 23

Gram negative
Obligate anaerobe
Non-spore forming
Virulence factors

Front 24

Dichelobacter nodosus virulence factors

Back 24

adhesin fimbriae
exotoxin
LPS - endotoxin

Front 25

Dichelobacter nodosus species

Back 25

sheep

Front 26

Dichelobacter nodosus clinical presentation

Back 26

Moist red, interdigital area
invasion of hoof sole
undermining and separation of hard horn expecially in the rear
Foul smelling

Front 27

Dichelobacter nodosus DDX

Back 27

Trauma
Foreign body
Caustic Burn
Bacterial - clostridial myositis, foot rot,
viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease

Front 28

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis source

Back 28

Dichelobacter nodosus only in infected animals

Front 29

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis transmission

Back 29

Disruption of normal skin
Colonization by D. nodosus from subclinical to acutely/chronically infected sheep

Front 30

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis organ/system affected

Back 30

Interdigital skin

Front 31

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis diagnosis procedures

Back 31

Clinical signs
Culture

Front 32

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis

Back 32

Practice good foot heath and hygeine
Foot baths
Segregate infected animals,
quarantine animals coming into the herd
Avoidance
Vaccinate
Keep pastures drained and dry

Front 33

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis zoonosis

Back 33

YES

Front 34

Strawberry Footrot Pathogen

Back 34

Dermatophilus congolensis

Front 35

Dermatophilus congolensis characteristics

Back 35

Gram positive rod or filamentous
Aerobic

Front 36

Strawberry foot rot affects what species

Back 36

Sheep

Front 37

Strawberry foot rot clinical presentation

Back 37

Moist red interdigital area
invasion of hoof sole
Undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the rear
Foul smelling

Front 38

Strawberry Footrot DDX

Back 38

Trauma
Foreign body
Caustic Burn
Bacterial: clostridial myositis, foot rot
Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease

Front 39

Strawberry Foot rot Source

Back 39

Dermatophilus congolensis is an obligate pathogen that lives on the skin of animals. Only found in infected animals

Front 40

Strawberry Foot rot Transmission

Back 40

infected animals can transmit the bacteria through the soil

Front 41

Strawberry Foot rot organs

Back 41

interdigital skin

Front 42

Strawberry foot rot diagnosis, procedure, and interpretations

Back 42

Clinical signs
Cultures
Use scabs or crusts to culture

Front 43

Stawberry foot rot prevention and husbandry

Back 43

Practice good foot health
Foot baths
Segregate infected animals
quarantine animals coming into the herd
Avoidance- clean trailer
Vaccinate
Keep pastures drained and dry

Front 44

Is Stawberry foot rot zoonotic

Back 44

Yes

Front 45

Interdigital dermatitis pathogen

Back 45

Dichelobacter nodosus

Front 46

Interdigital dermatitis species

Back 46

Cows - D, Sheep fuzzy - F

Front 47

Interdigital dermatitis clinical presentation

Back 47

Moist, red interdigital area
Swelling on the dorsal aspect of the interdigital space
Swelling around the coronary ban
invasion of hoof sole
undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the reas

Front 48

Interdigital dermatitis DDX

Back 48

Trauma
Foreign Body
Caustic Burn
Bacterial: Clostridial myositis, Foot rot
Viral: Blue tongue, foot and mouth disease
mucosal disease
Vesicular stomatitis

Front 49

Interdigital dermatitis source

Back 49

Obligate pathogen of clinically affected or chronic carrier feet

Front 50

Interdigital dermatitis organs

Back 50

interdigitial skin

Front 51

Interdigital dermatitis diagnosis procedure and interpretations

Back 51

Clinical signs
culture (however interpretation difficult)

Front 52

Interdigital dermatitis prevention and husbandry

Back 52

Practice good foot health
Foot baths
Segregate infected animals, quarantine new animals
avoidance - clean trailer
vaccinate +/-
drain pastures
rest infected pastures

Front 53

Is interdigital dermatitis zoonotic

Back 53

Yes

Front 54

Bovine footrot pathogen

Back 54

Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella melaninogenica
Arcanobacterium pyogenes (+/-)

Front 55

Bovine footrot species

Back 55

cattle

Front 56

Bovine footrot clinical presentation

Back 56

Moist, red interdigital area
Invasion of hoof sole
Undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the rear
Foul smelling

Front 57

Bovine footrot DDX

Back 57

Trauma
Foreign body
Caustic Burn
Bacterial: clostridial myositis
Footrot
Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease, Vesicular stomatitis, Mucosal disease

Front 58

Bovine footrot source

Back 58

Fusobacterium necrophorum normally on mucus membrane in the oral cavity, and GI tract. Found ubiquitously in environment

Front 59

Bovine footrot Transmission

Back 59

infected animals can transmit the bacteria through the soil

Front 60

Bovine footrot organs

Back 60

interdigital skin

Front 61

Bovine footrot diagnosis procedure and interpretations

Back 61

Clinical signs
Culture

Front 62

Bovine footrot prevention and husbandry

Back 62

Practice good foot health and hygiene
Footbaths
Segregate infected animals, quarantine animals coming into the herd
Avoidance - clean trailers
Vaccinate
Drain and rest pastures

Front 63

Is Bovine footrot Zoonotic

Back 63

Yes
F. necrophorum causes thrush in horses

Front 64

Digital dermatitis of cattle is also called

Back 64

Papillomatous digital dermatitis, hairy heel warts

Front 65

Digital dermatitis of cattle pathogen

Back 65

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Prevotella melaninogenica
Spirochetes

Front 66

Digital dermatitis of cattle clinical presentation

Back 66

Severe pain and lameness
Moist, red, interdigital area
invasion of hoof sole
undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the rear
Foul smelling

Front 67

Digital dermatitis of cattle DDX

Back 67

Trauma, foreign body, caustic burn
Bacterial: Clostridial myositis, Foot rot
Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease, mucosal disease

Front 68

Digital dermatitis of cattle source

Back 68

Fusobacterium necrophorum naturally lives on mucus membranes in oral cavity and GI tract, found ubiquitously in the environment
Also found in liver abscesses, necrotic laryngitis of calves, necrobacillosis, necrotic rhinitis, and stomatitis in swine

Front 69

Digital dermatitis of cattle transmission

Back 69

disruption of normal skin, colonization of the wound and then development of anaerobic conditions
infected animals can transmit the bacteria through the soil
disruption of the normal skin, colonization of the wound and development of anaerobic conditions

Front 70

Digital dermatitis of cattle diagnosis procedure and interpretations

Back 70

Clinical signs
culture +/-

Front 71

Is digital dermatitis of cattle zoonotic?

Back 71

yes
F. necrophorum causes thrush in horses.

Front 72

Pigeon Fever

Back 72

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Front 73

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis characteristics

Back 73

Gm positive rod

Front 74

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis species

Back 74

Equine

Front 75

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis clinical presentation

Back 75

swellings in pectoral ventral, and groin
Edema
Fever
Malaise
Abscesses in external lymph nodes, lungs, liver

Front 76

Corynebacterium peudotuberculosis ddx

Back 76

lymphoma or other neoplasia
Streptococcus equi equi
Purpura hemorrhagica

Front 77

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis source

Back 77

Ubiquitous in the environment (soil)

Front 78

C. pseudotuberculosis transmission

Back 78

cutaneous defects allow breach in defenses and entry of the organism.
Flies
infected pus

Front 79

C. pseudotuberculosis organs

Back 79

lymph nodes
lungs
liver

Front 80

C. pseudotuberculosis diagnosis procedure

Back 80

clinical signs/history
ultrasound
SHIT - synergistic hemolysin inhibition test, >512 - internal infection

Front 81

C. pseudotuberculosis prevention and husbandry

Back 81

Separate infected horses from no infected horses or remove the pus and disinfect
manure removal
insect control

Front 82

Is C pseudotuberculosis zoonotic

Back 82

yes
causes Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, bovine, and equine

Front 83

Equine encephalomyelitis pathogen

Back 83

Virus

Front 84

EEE species

Back 84

horses
humans

Front 85

EEE clinical presentation

Back 85

neurological signs

Front 86

EEE ddx

Back 86

Toxin: OP, Lead, Monensin
Mycotoxin - Leukoencephalomalacia: fusarium moniliforme - fumonosin B1
Bacterial toxins: clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani
WEE, VEE, WNV, Rabies, EHV -1, EPM

Front 87

EEE source

Back 87

birds

Front 88

EEE transmission

Back 88

EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV all transmitted via mosquitos
EPM - possum feces

Front 89

Horses and humans are dead end hosts for

Back 89

WEE, EEE, WNV

Front 90

Peak transmission of WNV occurs

Back 90

during mosquito season

Front 91

EEE IgM capture ELISA test characteristic

Back 91

Detects acute infection
After 2 months infected animals will be IgM negative
Vaccinated animals WILL NOT test positive

Front 92

EEE IgG capture ELISA test characteristics

Back 92

Detects infection from approximately 2 weeks post infection and remains positive for 1 - 2 years
Vaccinated animals will test positive

Front 93

Vaccination against EEE would have what result on the IgM and Ig G

Back 93

IgM - would not test positive
IgG would test positive

Front 94

EE additional test

Back 94

EPM immunoblot assays, and serum indirect fluorescent antibody test
Histopath immunofluorescence - post mortem

Front 95

EEE prevention and husbandry

Back 95

mosquito control and vaccination of horses
Vaccinate twice a year because mosquitos year round

Front 96

EE's zoonotic?

Back 96

Yes,

Front 97

Cystitis and pylenephritis pathogen

Back 97

Corynebacterium renale

also E coli and A pyogenes

Front 98

Corynebacterium renale characteristics

Back 98

Gram positive rod
piliated
non-motile

Front 99

Cystitis Clinical presentation

Back 99

dysuria: painful or difficulty urinating, straining
Pollakiuria: more frequent voiding of small amount
+/- hematuria
+/- pyuria
distended atonic bladder on palpation with firm thick walls
UA:blood, protein and variable pH
No generalized signs, no fever

Front 100

Pyelonephritis clinical presentation

Back 100

dysuria
pollakiuria
stranguria, painful urging to urinate, spastic dysuria
tail swishing, treading on hindlimbs,
scalding of the perineum
distended atonic bladder with firm thick walls
dilation of the ureter and enlargement of the kidney
red brown urine, pyuria, hematuria
low specific gravity
Presence of C. renale, E. coli, A.pyogenes
Generalized signs, fever, worse than cystitis

Front 101

Cystitis/pyelo predisposing factors

Back 101

within 8 weeks of calving
after dystocias, retained placenta, vaginal injury
calves with suppurative omphalitis, urachal abscess, and umbilical abscess.
females more than males because of distance from the vagina to bladder is shorter

Front 102

Pyelonephritis is an

Back 102

ascending cystitis

Front 103

Pyeloneprhitis DDX

Back 103

vaginitis/metritis
vulvar trauma
perivaginal abscesses
urolithiasis
pyelonephritis
cystitis
enzootic hematuria from bracken fern ingestion

Front 104

cystitis pyelo source

Back 104

C. renale is normal flora of the lower urogenital tract and is ubiquitous in the environment

Front 105

Cystitis/pyelo transmission

Back 105

disruption of normal host defenses allows virulent bacteria to proliferate

Front 106

Cystitis host defenses

Back 106

Urine flow - complete emptying of bladder,
Urine properties - high Osm, constituents - urea ammonium

Front 107

cystitis/pyelo organs

Back 107

bladder and kidney

Front 108

cystitis/pyelo diagnosis

Back 108

Urine collection
Ultrasound
culture and sensitivity

Front 109

cystitis prevention and husbandry

Back 109

avoid predisposing factors

Front 110

Cystitis and pyeloneprhitis in dog pathogens

Back 110

E coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
S. pseudintermedius
Enterococcus spp
Streptococcus

Front 111

Cystitis in the dog clinical presentation

Back 111

Dysuria, stranguria
hematuria
anorexia
pain on palpation of the bladder
prostate slightly enlarged and painful
bacteriuria

Front 112

Cystitis in the dog DDX

Back 112

cystitis
pyelonephritis
prostatitis

Front 113

Cystitis in the dog source

Back 113

Normal flora of the distal urogenital tract as well as ubiquitous in the environment

Front 114

Cystitis in dog transmission

Back 114

disruption of normal host defenses

Front 115

Cystitis in dog predisposing factors

Back 115

calculi
neoplasia
immunosuppressive drugs
bladder catheterization

Front 116

Cystitis in dog diagnosis procedure

Back 116

physical and history
hematology and blood chemistry
UA
Specific gravity +/- kidney involvement

Front 117

WBC in urine means

Back 117

inflammation

Front 118

Culture and sensitivity

Back 118

usually 70 % of a single organism indicates that it is the possible cause
depending on collection method contamination is possible

Front 119

in a midstream voided sample what are contamination/infection levels

Back 119

, 10 ^5 is contamination
in cats > 10 ^5

Front 120

With a catheterized sample what are the contamination and infection levels

Back 120

< 10^3 - contamination
Male dogs > 10 ^ 4

Front 121

Cystocentesis contamination/infection levels

Back 121

< 10 ^ 3 - contamination
> 10 ^ 3 - infecction