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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the age categories for children?
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Newborn/Infant: Birth - 1 yr
Toddlers: 1 - 3 Preschoolers: 3 - 6 School age: 6 -12 Adolescents: 12 - 18 |
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What are the behavioral traits for newborn/infants?
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1. Tolerate parental separation poorly
2. FIRST Exhibit anxiety over presence of strangers at 6-12 months old 3. Accept undressing, but want to feel warm 4. Can NOT track movement visually 5. Do not tolerate oxygen masks |
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What are the behavioral traits for toddlers?
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1. Have a parent hold the child during the physical exam.
2. If clothing is removed to diaper, replace it. 3. Try to examine the head last. 4. Do not tolerate masks |
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What are the behavioral traits for preschoolers?
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1. Do not tolerate parental separation
2. Do not like to be touched 3. Start to be Sensitive about modesty 4. May perceive illness as punishment 5. Tend to fear blood, pain 6. Curious, communicative, cooperative |
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What are the behavioral traits for school age children?
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1. Allow the child to give the history.
2. Explain as you examine. 3. Be calm, reassuring, and respectful. 4. Respect the child’s modesty. |
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What are the behavioral traits for adolescents?
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1. Expect to be treated as adults.
2. Generally act as though indestructible. 3. May fear lasting disfigurement. 4. Explain well before you examine. |
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
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1. Sudden death without identifiable cause in infant < 1 year old.
2. Cause is not well understood. 3. Most common time of discovery is early morning. 4. Place babies on BACK to sleep |
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What is the emergency care for SIDS?
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1. Try to resuscitate unless rigor mortis is present.
2. Avoid comments that blame parents. 3. Expect parents to feel remorse and guilt. 4. Allow family to witness rescue efforts |
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How can you identify puberty in children?
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Females - breast development
Males - hair on face, chest, or underarms |
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What challenges does the chest and abdomen present in emergency care for infants and children?
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1. Labored or distress breathing is obvious from a distance because the chest is less developed and more flexible
2. Infants and children use the diaphgrams to breathe 3. Vital chest and abdominal organs are not well protected because of the less developed chest |
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What challenges does the airway and respiratory system present in emergency care for infants and children?
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1. The neck muscles are immature
2. Airway structure are narrower and less rigid than adults 3. The mouth and nose are smaller and easier to obstruct 4. The tongue is larger 5. Newborn/infants will not breathe through their mouth if nose is obstructed 6. The trachea is softer, more flexible, narrower and easier to obstruct 7. Dependent on diaphragms for breathing |
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What challenges does the head present in emergency care for infants and children?
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1. Head larger in proportion to body - suspect injury with significant MOI
2. A sunken fontanelle (soft spot on head) may indicate dehydration 3. A bulging fontanelle may indicate an elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) |
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What are the categories of key anatomical and physiological differences between adults and infant/children?
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1. Head
2. Airway and Respiratory System 3. Chest and Abdomen 4. Body Surface 5. Blood Volume |
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What challenges does the body surface present in emergency care for infants and children?
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The body surface is larger compared to body mass making skin prone to heat loss (hyothermia)
2. Calculating body surface burn area is different from adults |
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What challenges does blood volume present in emergency care for infants and children?
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Blood loss in a infant/child can be life-threatening because they have a low volume of blood
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How should you open the airway for an infant/child?
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Use head-tilt, chin-lift without over hyperextension and at least a 1 inch pad under the chest
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What are the two pediatric assessment methods?
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1. Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT)
2. Step-by step assessment (same as adults) |
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PAT General Impression -
"From the doorway" we should: |
1. Observe appearance
2. Observe breathing effort 3. Observe skin color |
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What are the sides of the PAT assessment labelled?
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1. Appearance (mental status, body position, muscle tone)
2. Breathing (visible movement, effort, audible sounds) 3. Circulation (skin vital signs) |
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What should you look for during the initial assessment?
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Assess breathing using a stethoscope for:
1. Crowing respirations 2. Wheezing [early] 3. Altered Mental Status [Late] 4. Stridor or Grunting 5. Equal expansion |
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When assessing pediatric circulation look for:
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Assess circulation:
1. Pulse (best location varies by age) 2. Capillary refill [6 and under] 3. Skin color, temperature, condition 4. NO B/P on children less then three years of a |
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When assessing pediatric airway look for:
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Assess airway
1. Make sure it will not be endangered by an altered mentsl status, secretions, blood, vomitus, foreign bodies, face or neck trauma |
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Signs of Partial Airway Obstruction [NO Treatment]
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1. Stridorous, crowing, or noisy respirations
2. Retractions on inspiration 3. Pink mucous membranes and nail beds 4. Alert |
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Treating Partial Airway Obstruction [NO Treatment]
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1. Place in position of comfort (parent’s lap okay).
2. Administer high-concentration oxygen. 3. Transport without agitating. |
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Oral Airways
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1. Use correct size.
2. Use tongue depressor to hold down tongue. 3. Insert right-side-up (not upside-down). |
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Causes for shock (Hypoperfusion)
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1. Diarrhea, vomiting,
dehydration 2. Trauma and blood loss 3. Infection 4. Abdominal injuries |
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Signs for shock infants
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1. Decreased urine output
2. Inspect diaper/ask parents when last changed 3. Changes in mental status 4. Lack of tears when crying 5. Delayed capillary refill 6. 80 plus 2 X age |
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Infant/children artifical ventilation rates
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< = 1 year old; 1 sec.; 10 -12 breaths/min
1 - 12 years old; 1 sec.; 12 -20 breaths/min 12 - 18 years old; 1 sec.; 12 -20 breaths/min |
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Pediatric signs of shock
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1. Altered mental status
2. pale, cool, clammy skin 3. Absence of tears when crying 4. Falling blood pressure 5. Delayed capillary refill 6. Apathy of lack of vitality 7. Rapid respiratory rate 8. Rapid or weak and thready pulse |
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List 6 signs of respiratory distress
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1. Breathing > 60
2. Nasal flaring 3. Audible wheezing 4. Cyanosis 5. Decreased muscle tone 6. Altered mental status |
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List the patient care steps for high fever in patient warm/hot to touch
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1. Remove child's clothing
2. Cover child with towel soaked in tepid water 3. Monitor shivering and avoid hypothermia 4. Give fluids my mouth or suck on ice 5. Do not submerge child in cold water 6. Do not use rubbing alcohol to cool the patient |
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List patient care steps in pediatric trauma
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1. Ensure open airways. Use jaw-thrust maneuver
2. Suction as needed with rigid suction caheter 3. Provide high concentrated oxygen 4. ventilate with NRB or BVM 5. Immobilize spine 6. Ongoing assessment 7, Assess and treat injuries en route |
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List common pediatric medical emergencies
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1. Respiratory distress
2. Croup 3. Epiglottitis 4. Fever 5. Meningitis |
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Signs of croup
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1. Mild fever
2. Some hoarseness 3. A loud "seal bark" cough 4. Difficulty breathing 5. Signs of respiratory distress 6. Restlesness 7. Paleneess (pallor0 with cyanosis |
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Signs of epiglottitis
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1. A sudden onset of fever
2. Painful swallowing 3. Tripod position 4. Use of accessory muscles |
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Children hit by a vehicle may present with the following riad of injuires
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1. Head injury
2. Abdominal injury with internal bleeding 3. Lower extremiti injury (fractured femur) |
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Signs of ominous arrest
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1. Respiratory rate < 10
2. Little or no muscle tone 3. Unconsciousness 4. Bradycardia or absent pulse |
