Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
infant mortality |
#1 correlation is birth weight causes is conjential malformations, preterm, and sudden infant death syndrome |
|
|
Bonus Question |
Elvis |
|
|
indicators of healthy growth |
birth weight length head circumfrence |
|
|
Growth reflects |
1) reflects nutritional adequacy 2) health status 3) economic and other environmental influences doubles in 4-6 months triples by 1 yr |
|
|
1st goal of nutritional care |
is to maintain growth for age and gender a concern is a plateau, you want to see constant increase |
|
|
Malnutirion |
stunting - low length or height wasting - overall look of smallnes, usually related to low energy stores |
|
|
Growth corrections |
catch up growth- high rate of growth equals deficit during period of inadequate growth lag-down growth - slower growth after a period of excess growth |
|
|
reflexes |
automatic unlearned responses triggered by stimuli, most reflexes in infant are protective, most fade over time because baby is developing intentional movement |
|
|
motor development |
reflects an infant's ability to control voluntary muscle movement |
|
|
babinski |
a baby's toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe, perhaps remenat from eveolution |
|
|
blink |
a baby closes his eyes in response to bright light or loud noise, this protects the eyes |
|
|
Moro |
a baby throws its arms out and then inward in response to a loud noise or when its head falls , may help a baby cling to its mother |
|
|
palmar |
a baby grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand, precursor to voluntary grasping |
|
|
rooting |
when a baby's cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the cheek that was stroked and opens its mouth , helps a baby find the nipple |
|
|
stepping |
a baby who is held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically, precursor to voluntary walking |
|
|
sucking |
a baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth, permits feeding |
|
|
withdrawal |
a baby withdraws its foot when the sole is pricked with a pin, protects a baby from unpleasant stimulation |
|
|
development of muscle control |
starts from head and goes down central to peripheral progression the more muscle control the more calories their going to burn, the more calories their gonna need |
|
|
psychosocial development |
theory suggests that certain skill must be learned at certain times for subsequent learning to happen |
|
|
cognitive development |
sensorimotor - early learning system where senses and motor skill provide input to the central nervous system |
|
|
gastrointestinal development |
gestational development- estimated takes up to 6 months to have all the structures functional at birth- can absorb nutrients but does not have overall ability of mature adult, don't produce digestive enzymes at the level we do, not enough control to empty stomach in rhythmic pattern because tissues still developing motility problems- peristalsis not as easily controlled until later on fetus swallows amniotic fluid during 3 rd trimester this stimulates lining of intestines to start to mature and grow |
|
|
Failure to thrive |
inadequate weight or height gain caused by caloric defect, whether or not the cause can be from a health problem |
|
|
organic failure to thrive |
diagnosed medical illness (chronic ear infection, iron deficiency,gerd) |
|
|
Non-organic failure to thrive |
not based on medical illness, environment factors for example maternal depression, mental illness, addiction, job of feeding given to sibling, formula to dilute |
|
|
factors that influence energy needs |
weight growth rate sleep/wake cycle temperature and climate physical activity metabolic response to food health status Because of rapid growth highest energy need per pound of weight |
|
|
Protein needs |
body composition matter, more muscle mass more metabolically active if energy needs not met, muscles start to break down to use for energy because amino acids are needed for energy |
|
|
Fat needs for 4-6 months |
primarily short and medium chain fatty acids because they are more digestable fat needs high to support rapid growth like brain and liver |
|
|
fat needs from 6 months to 3 years |
fat gradually reduced at 1 yr change to cows milk, slowly reducing to low fat milk |
|
|
metabolic rate |
highest of any other period when enough glucose is available, growth is going to occur, if glucose is limited they star converting amino acids to glucose |
|
|
iron |
4-6 month reserve - fetal Hb if iron deficiency there could be developmental delays, abnormal behavior, and immune function loss might influence cognitive development |
|
|
fluoride |
fluoridated water- after tooth eruption |
|
|
Vitamin D |
sunlight for 30 minutes in diapers and 2 hrs if in clothes formula has enough vitamin D |
|
|
specialty infant formulas |
hypoallergenic formula are created with very small piece of protein that are more easily digestible |
|
|
development of feeding skills |
reflexes like gagging, rooting, and swallowing, coordinating swallowing with breathing signaling of wants and need they are born knowing how much they need to eat and feeding of fullness , we an inherit preference for sweetness, purposefully signal hunger by crying verbalization of hunger at around 3 yrs regulated not only by genetics but environment such as impacted by siblings |
|
|
introduction of solid foods |
initially baby can only move tongue forward and back at 4-6 months baby starts to be able to move tounge side to side, purified, soupy textures at 6-8 months, soft lumps allowed to stimulate jaw movement at 8-10 months they can chew and swallow soft and mashed foods, but they do not have mature chewing skills weaning is not complete until all nutrients come from something other than breast milk |
|
|
First foods |
single ingredient foods that are hypoallergenic only 1 new food at a time over a 2-3 day period to look for negative reactions |
|
|
How much to feed |
Don't mistake hunger for them wanting comfort don't mistake rejection when baby actually is at a development state where they have trouble keeping food in their mouth |
|
|
allergens for infants |
eggs, milk , wheat , soy, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish |
|
|
Food preferences |
starts with infancy it has to do with the experience with food if its positive or negative breast milk vs. formula acceptance of foods a balanced diet |
|
|
Colic |
is an infant nutritional problem that is the sudden onset of irritability fussiness or crying in a young infant 2 weeks to 3 months associated with abdominal pain of gastrointestinal upset may happen same time everyday, usually move beyond this at 3-4 months, you can relieve symptoms by comforting, change formula, change mom's diet, make sure baby is properly postioned during feeding, swaddle rock , warm bath |
|
|
Diarrhea and constipation |
are infant nutritional problems , the diarrhea may be from a viral of bacterial infection, food intolerance, or changes in fluid intake, the constipation may because they are not getting enough water, or soy formula may cause this more in some children |
|
|
Food allergies |
is an infant nutritional problem the mechanism is that the normal gut cells are tight together, small patches of irritated or inflamed intestine, junction get loose, larger pieces of protein can get through immune system creates antibodies against protein, if exposed to some protein again your gonna have an allergic response the symptoms are wheezing, skin rashes, this can be fatal |
|
|
Preterm infant Nursing |
they are often not strong enough to nurse and they may require respiratory support such as a ventilator making it impossible for them to nurse, so they need nutritional support |
|
|
Nutritional suppot |
provision of nutrient in a way other than food and drink |
|
|
parenteral feeding |
providing nutrients directly into the blood stream VLBW and ELBW gastrointestinal track development is very far behind, so the use of parenteral feeding might be require if GI is not functioning, but with this kind of feeding you may start to lose GI structure because it is not being stimulated |
|
|
Enteral feeding |
providing nutrients directly into the digestive system types of enternal feeding are oral-gastric, transpyloric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy |
|
|
oral-gastrc |
tube goes from mouth to stomach |
|
|
transpyloric |
tube goes from nose or mouth to upper small intestine |
|
|
gastrostomy |
tube placed directly in stomach this is a surgical procedure |
|
|
jejunostomy |
tube placed directly into small intestine, this is a surgical procedure |
|
|
necrotizing enterocolitis |
inflammation or damage to a section of the intestines, this is the number 1 killer of premes |
|
|
Cleft Palette or Pku |
have the same caloric needs but their conditions give them trouble eating |
|
|
Down syndrom |
they need less calories because they have less momvement |
|
|
Preterm infants or sick infants |
need more calories |
|
|
Protein needs for preterm infants |
protein is broken down for energy if energy needs are not being met, and protein is needed for growth, hydrolyzed proteins may be used because they are already slightly broken down or even individual amino acids, so they are much easier to digest |
|
|
fat needs in preterm infants |
lots of the calories come from fat, medium chain triglycerides for easy absorption and digestion |
|
|
vitamins and mineral needs in preterm infants |
they need to experience catch up growth, so they need more vitamins and minerals, also certain medication might affect vitamin and mineral absorption |
|
|
Feeding preterm infants |
breast milk is still preferred if baby can feed the milk can be pumped and saved for later, baby still can breast to stimulate if using formula it need to be high calorie and nutrient dense |
|
|
cleft lip and palate |
is a congenital anomaly which is when the upper lip or roof of the mouth is not formed completely, this is repaired through surgery, this influences feeding and speech and hearing also may influence growth |
|
|
maple syrup urine disease |
is a genetic disorder which is very rare, protein metabolism break up builds up in blood , protein not excreted in urine properly, fatal if intervention does not occur |
