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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Enclosures
During the Agricultural Revolution (1700s – 1800s).
Larger fields enclosed with hedges or fences.
Owned by wealthy landowners.
Allowed them to cultivate larger fields of crops.
Jethro Tull
Invented the seed drill in 1701.
Allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows and specific depths.
A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields.
Before this, Jethro saw the usual way of sowing seed by scattering was wasteful because many of the seeds failed to take root.
Crop Rotation
One of the best developments by the scientific farmers during the Agricultural Revolution.
Improved upon the older methods of crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field system.
It worked like this; one year a farmer might plant a crop that exhausted the soil’s nutrients. So the next year they would plant a root crop, to restore the nutrients. They would rotate this schedule and plant different crops accordingly.
Robert Bakewell
1700s.
Increased his mutton output by allowing only his best sheep to breed.
Many farmers followed Bakewell’s lead, and between 1700 and 1786, the average weight of sheep grew from 18 pounds – 50 pounds.
As the food output increased, so did the population.
Industrialization
The process of developing machine production of goods.
Required many natural resources, such as; water power and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings, rivers for inland transportation, and harbors from which merchant ships set sail. Fortunately enough, Britain had all of these resources.
Factors that contributed to British industrialization; business people’s investments in new inventions, expanding economy, highly developed banking system, political stability, and military success.
Had the necessary demand for goods to carry out industrialization.
Had all the factors of production, or resources they needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required, such as land, labor, and capital.
John Kay
1733, invented the flying shuttle.
Shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels.
Shuttle was a boat shaped piece of wood which yarn attached, doubled the work a weaver could do in a day.
Increased weaving output demanded increase of yarn output.
Greatly helped further the production of the textile industry.
James Hargreaves
1764, invented the spinning jenny.
Spinning wheel which allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time.
Also greatly helped further the production of the textile industry.
Richard Arkwright
1769, invented the water frame.
Before this, inventions such as the flying shuttle and spinning jenny were operated by hand.
The water frame used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.
Incorporated the steam engine in the 1780s.
Increased production as well.
Samuel Crompton
1779, invented the spinning mule.
Made stronger, finer, and more consistent thread than that of earlier spinning machines.
Edmund Cartwright
1787, invented the power loom.
Water powered.
Sped up weaving.
Factories
Late 1700s – 1800s.
Wealthy textile merchants set up the many new machines in large buildings called factories.
Since all these machines ran on waterpower, the first ones were built near rivers and streams to produce the necessary waterpower.
English obtained cotton for these factories from the American South in the 1790s.
Mostly required unskilled labor.
Wages were good by the standards of the unskilled labor.
Wages were not enough to support a family.
Work was extremely mechanical.
Children as young as six worked, and so did women, for lower wages. Were more adept and handling a bobbin.
Long hours of work, 14 or more hours a day.
Few holidays.
Unemployment was common.
Workers were almost completely unorganized and bargained individually with employers.
Employers were often in debt from the cost of machines, so they held the wages as low as possible.
Eli Whitney
1793, invented the cotton gin.
Speed up the chore of removing seeds from the raw cotton.
Multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned.
With this new invention, American cotton production exponentially increased from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.
James Watt
1763, began to make improvements on Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine.
1774, had a business partnership with Matthew Boulton (provided funds, was a wealthy toy maker).
By the 1780s, there partnership was eminently successful.
They manufactured steam engines for both British use and export.
Were too cumbersome at first and could only be used in stationary mills.
Robert Fulton
American inventor, ordered a Boulton and Watt steam engine.
With it, he built a steamboat named the Clermont.
The Clermont made its first successful trip in 1807 across the Hudson River.
After that, it ferried passengers up and down the Hudson River.
Richard Trevithick
1804, won a bet of several thousand dollars.
Won this bet by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive.
Other British engineers began to built improved versions of Tervithick’s locomotive.
George Stephenson
Built around 20 steam engines for mine operators in northern England.
1821, began to work on the world’s first railroad line. It was to run 27 miles from the Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea.
1825, the railroad opened.
The railroad used 4 locomotives that Stephenson designed and built.
Designed and built the Rocket, could haul a 13 ton load at 24 miles per hour.
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
Entrepreneurs of England wanted to build a railroad to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester.
1829, trials were held to choose the best locomotive to use on the new line. Five engines entered the competition, but Stephenson’s Rocket came out on top, and none could compare to it.
1830, the Liverpool-Manchester Railroad finally opened.
Samuel Slater
1789, emigrated to the United States from England.
Built a spinning machine from memory and partial design.
1790, Moses Brown opened the first factory in the United States in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, housing Slater’s machines.
Though, the factory only produced the thread.
Francis Cabot Lowell
1813, revolutionized the American textile industry by mechanizing every stage in the manufacturing of cloth with 4 other investors.
Their weaving factory in Waltham, Massachusetts provided them with enough capital for them to fund a larger factory in another Massachusetts town. After Lowell died, they named this town after him.
1820s, Lowell, Massachusetts became a booming manufacturing center and a model or other such towns around the United States.
Laissez Faire
The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. Favors a free market unregulated by the government.
The term is French for “let do” and by extension, “let people do as they please”.
Adam Smith.
Adam Smith
Professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland.
1776, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his book The Wealth of Nations.
According to him, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress and as a result, government should not interfere.
Smith’s arguments in his book rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics; the law of self interest (People work for their own good), the law of competition (Competition forces people to make a better product), and the law of supply and demand (Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy).
Capitalism
An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo.
Natural laws governed economic life.
These important ideas were the basis for laissez-faire capitalism.
Thomas Malthus
1798, wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population which argued that the population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Without wars and epidemics to kill off the extra people, most people were doomed to poverty.
This prediction began coming true in the 1840s.
David Ricardo
Wealthy stockbroker.
1817, wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.
Believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor.
Believed that in a market system if there are many resources and many workers, then labor and resources are cheap. But if resources and workers are scarce, then labor and resources are expensive.
Believed that wages would be forced down as population increased.
Utilitarianism/Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham modified the ideas of Adam Smith.
Late 1700s, wrote his most influential work and introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism.
According to his theory, people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness.
Argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A government policy was only good if it promoted this goal.
Believed that in general the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state.
Utilitarians pushed for reforms in the legal and prison systems, and in education.
John Stuart Mill
1800s, philosopher and economist who led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s.
Questioned unregulated capitalism.
Believed that it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that sometime bordered on starvation.
Called for the government to do away with great differences in wealth.
Socialism
Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
Karl Marx
1818 – 1883
Wrote a 23 page pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels.
Argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes.
According to Marx and Engels, the Industrial Revolution had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor.
Believed that the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself.
Communism; form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people. Private property would cease to exist.
1848, The Communist Manifesto was published.
Inspired Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Fidel Castro.
Unions
1800s
Working people became more active in politics, wanted better rights, and joined these unions to press for reforms.
Voluntary labor associations.
Engaged in collective bargaining, where workers negotiated with employers for better conditions and higher pay. If the employers refused to coincide with their demands, they would go on strike, or refuse to work.
Factory Owners
Also known as “Cotton Lords”.
First industrial capitalists.
They were often self-made men. Owed their position to their own intelligence, persistence, and foresight. Lived in comfort without ostentation or luxury. They were hard-working. Usually honest in a hard and exacting way.
Made money within the law.
Thought landed gentlemen to be idlers.
Thought the poor tended to be lazy. Thought they did the poor a favor by furnishing them with work to get them out of their lazy habits.
Neither brutal nor knowingly hard-hearted.
Gave to charitable and philanthropic causes.
Robert Peel
A Cotton Lord.
1802, pushed the first Factory Act through Parliament. This act supported to regulate the conditions in which pauper children were employed in textile mills.
Dead letter from the beginning.
Provided no adequate body of factory inspectors.
English did not have such a class of trained, paid, and government administrators to do inspections, nor did they want such a class.
Manchester
The first and most famous of the new industrial cities. Was a large market town before the cotton mills.
Had not been significant enough to be recognized as a borough for representation in Parliament, though an ancient city.
Organized as a manor at first.
1845, inhabitants extinguished manorial rights by buying them out at that time from the last lord.