Industrial Revolution Test Review - Berends

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Industrial Revolution

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Great increase in machine production that began in England inthe 18th century

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Enclosure

Back 2

Large closed-in field for farming

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Jethro Tull

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Invented a seed drill that made planting more efficient.

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Crop Rotation

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Planting a different crop in a different field each year

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Richard Arkwright

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Invented the water frame; it used water power to run spinning machines that made yarn.

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Samuel Compton

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Inventedthe spinning mule that made better thread.

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Edmund Cartwright

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Developed the power loom. The power loom was a machine that sped up the cloth-making process.

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Industrialization

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Process of developing machine production of goods

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Factors of Production

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Conditions needed to produce goods and services

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James Watt

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Mathematical instrument maker who increased the efficiency of the steam engine

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Factory

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Building where goods are made; initially machines run by water power so early factories located on rivers; later with the invention of the steam engine, factories sprung up in cities close to workers

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Robert Fulton

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An American, invented the first steam-driven boat; allowed people to send goods more quickly over rivers and canals.

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George Stephenson

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A British engineer, set up the world’s first railroad line. It used a steam driven locomotive

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Entrepreneur

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Person who organizes, manages, and takes on the financial risk of a business enterprise

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Urbanization

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City building and the movement of people to cities

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Middle class

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A social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

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Stock

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To raise money, companies sold shares of ownership in a company, or stocks. All those who held stock were part owners of the company.

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Corporation

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Business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not responsible for its debts.

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Laissez faire

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Economic theory that argues that governments should not interfere with business affairs

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Adam Smith

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Philosopher who defended laissez-faire economics; he wrote The Wealth of Nations and stressed the benefit of pure capitalism, with the central idea that government should leave business alone.

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Capitalism

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Economic system in which people invest money to make a profit; supported by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo

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Utilitarianism

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Belief that an idea is only as good as it is useful; they thought the government should work to end great differences in wealth among people; “greatest good for the greatest number” Jeremy Bentham

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Socialism

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Belief that businesses should be owned by society as a whole, and grew out of a belief in progress and a concern for justice.

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Karl Marx

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Economic thinker who wrote about a radical form of socialism; known as Marxism. He said that factory owners and workers would struggle for power. Over time, he said, the capitalist system would destroy itself. The workers would rebel against the wealthy few. Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto.

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Communism

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Form of socialism in which all production is owned by the people; in the early 1900s, these ideas would bring revolution in both Russia & China.

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Union

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Organized groups of workers that bargain with business owners to get better pay and working conditions

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Strike

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Organized refusal to work

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William Wilberforce

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British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade

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Thomas Edison

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Received patents on more than 1,000 inventions; among them were the electric light bulb and phonograph.

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Alexander Graham Bell

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Invented the telephone.

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Guglielmo Marconi

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Created the first radio using telegraph waves

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Henry Ford

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American auto industry, utilizes assembly line concept to increase productivity and efficiency.

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Assembly line

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Arrangement by which a product in a factory is moved from worker to worker, with each worker completing a single step in the task; developed by Henry Ford & it allowed him to build cheap cars that were affordable for ordinary people.

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The Wright brothers

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Flew the first motor-powered airplane flight. Soon there was an growing aircraft industry.

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Louis Pasteur

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Discovered that microscopic animals could live in food; called these tiny creatures bacteria.

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Joseph Lister

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Scientist who realized that bacteria could cause disease.

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Charles Darwin

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Scientist who developed the theory of evolution

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Gregor Mendel

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Showed that parents passed on their personal traits to their offspring. The science of genetics began.

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Theory of Evolution

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Theory that all life on earth developed from simpler forms of life

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Radioactivity

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Form of energy released as atoms decay

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Marie and Pierre Curie

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Discovered radioactivity; is the energy that is released when atoms decay.

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Psychology

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Study of the mind mass culture Art and entertainment appealing to a large audience

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What was the Agricultural Revolution & how did it influence the Industrial Revolution?

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British farmers used scientific methods to boot farm productivity. These included enclosing common lands, crop rotation, and careful animal breeding. This boosted food production & made it where fewer people were needed t work on farms.

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Great Britain because it had all the resources needed for industrialization

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Country where the Industrial Revolution begin & why?

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Coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. Also all the factors of production = land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth).

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Resources necessary for Industrial Revolution to begin.

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Why is the growth of cities (urbanization) so closely link with the Industrial Revolution?

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People moved to the cities for jobs, city facilities like tenements grow out of a demand for housing. Jobs were the largest reason people moved to cities and the influx of immigration similarly increase the urbanization of the time period.

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Where did the people who moved to the cities live?

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Tenements

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Who was hired to work in the new factories?

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The factories hired mostly women and children.

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What was life like for factory workers?

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Life was hard, with a rigid schedule, and was really dangerous.

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Who benefited from the Industrial Revolution?

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The middle class and the rich benefited from the Industrial Revolution.

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How did family life change during the Industrial Revolution? Who was working outside the home, why were they doing so, and how did it affect the traditional life?

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Women and children were forced to work in factories and coal mines. Many children did not have the opportunity to go to school or have what we would consider a normal childhood. Health issues from coal mines and factories were also very common.

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Positive effects of the Industrial Revolution

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1. New ideas and inventions improved communication, medicine, transportation and lead to lower prices on many goods as well.

2. It created wealth and jobs for workers and over time helped many of them live better lives.

3. It produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices.

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What group in societies lives change for the better? What specific ways did their lives improve?

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I. R. created new wealth for the middle class, which included skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. People in the middle class enjoyed comfortable lives in pleasant homes. This class began to grow, and some people grew wealthier than the nobles who had been in control for many centuries

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Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution

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Child labor, lack of schools and education, poor health due to factory conditions and pollution, the gap in income between the wealthy and poor grew larger. Lack of government regulation for a time which permitted poor conditions in the factories and cities. Living conditions were bad in crowded cities. Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection. Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in the slums. A person in a city could expect to live 17 years. In the countryside, a person could expect to live 38 years. Working conditions were also bad. The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week. Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents.