Individuals In Medicine

Front 1

Who was Hipporcates

Back 1

Believed and taught that Medicine was a natural, not supernatural.
Developed the ideas of clinical observation (watching the patient and recording the symptoms) and the theory of the 4 humours.

Hint 1

Writing – Hippocrates and his followers published the Hippocratic Collection, which contained his views on medicine and different recorded illnesses. These spread through the Greek world and later through Asia due to Alexander the Great’s success.

Front 2

Who was Claudius Galen

Back 2

Took Hippocrates’ ideas to Rome.
Developed the theory of opposites – his view of medicine was unchallenged for centuries.
Also developed knowledge of anatomy by dissecting animals.

Hint 2

Fame – he became doctor for the Emperor and his ideas spread across the Roman Empire which reached across Europe and into Asia and Africa.
Religion – Rome became the centre of Christianity and they adopted Galen’s theories which were accepted without question until the Renaissance.

Front 3

Who was Andreas Vesalius

Back 3

Challenged Galen’s ideas.
Published books that corrected Galen’s earlier mistakes on Anatomy.
Led to further research and understanding of the human body.

Hint 3

The Renaissance led to freedom to experiment and to challenge previous ideas.
Padua was a renowned school of learning that allowed the dissection of human corpses.
Printing made ideas easier to communicate.
Able to build on the much earlier works of Galen.

Front 4

Who was Ambroise Pare

Back 4

Developed new ways of dealing with battlefield wounds.
Introduced ligatures as a less painful way of sealing severed blood vessels.

Hint 4

Luck – He ran out of hot oil during a battle and had to find a new way to deal with gunshot wounds.
Education – Used knowledge of previous treatments to develop new ones.
Printing – made his ideas easier to communicate.

Front 5

Who was William Harvey

Back 5

Discovered and proved that the heart works like a pump.
Worked out that blood is circulated around the body.
Published his findings.

Hint 5

Prior Learning – He worked on the theories already developed by his predecessors at Padua.
Experimentation and recording of findings.
Influential contacts – he treated the King.
Printing – made his ideas easier to communicate

Front 6

Who was Edward Jenner

Back 6

He experimented with the Cowpox disease and worked out that it could be used to stop the deadly Smallpox illness.
His idea of vaccination against Smallpox became very popular.

Hint 6

Better education for doctors – scientific and anatomical training was necessary to qualify.
Knowledge of traditional treatments, he just tried to work out how he could extend the idea.
A willingness to experiment and record his findings scientifically.

Front 7

Who was Ignaz Semmelweiss

Back 7

He worked out that washing before a medical procedure reduced the risk of infection. He reduced death rates in his hospital by enforcing cleanliness in medical students before they examined patients.

Hint 7

He tested his theory across two wards and lectured on the findings (1847-50).
He lectured on his theory and published a book in 1861.

Front 8

Who was James Simpson

Back 8

Discovered the use of Chloroform as an anaesthetic. (1847)
Campaigned for increased use of anaesthetics in surgery and childbirth. Queen Victoria used it as one of his patients

Hint 8

Chemistry allowed the development of new drugs. Previous work on anaesthetics by Humphrey Davey and others showed the way.
Chloroform had already been developed for other purposes.
As doctor to the Queen, his ideas became popular.

Front 9

Who was Robert Liston

Back 9

The first European surgeon to use anaesthetics during an operation.
A well-known speed surgeon.
Famous for managing to kill three people in one operation (two due to infection and blood poisoning).

Hint 9

Prior development of anaesthetics in the USA and the publishing of the results meant that knowledge was passed between doctors.
Notoriety from his earlier success as a speed surgeon at a large hospital.

Front 10

Who was Edwin Chadwick

Back 10

Reported on the effects of poverty and poor living conditions on health and recommended Public Health Reform (1847). This led to a Public Health Act (1848).

Hint 10

Government: Gave Chadwick the job of investigating sanitation and, eventually, introduced his recommendations.

Front 11

Who was Dr John Snow

Back 11

He established the link between Cholera and infected water by examining an outbreak in London (1854), he got the pump disabled.
He also worked out safe doses of anaesthetics and treated Victoria.

Hint 11

He had treated Queen Victoria with Chloroform and therefore was respected as a doctor.
He developed the idea of plotting the outbreaks of disease on a map so that patterns could be seen – this helped the study of epidemics.
He published his findings.

Front 12

Who was Florence Nightingale

Back 12

Professionalised nursing and improved conditions in hospitals, first during the Crimean War and later in UK. Started a nurses Training School and wrote ‘Notes on Nursing’ both in 1860.

Hint 12

Religion: Felt that God called her to work.
Government: Asked her to go to Scutari and supported her efforts for change.
War: Crimean War success made her famous and allowed ideas to spread

Front 13

Who was Louis Pasteur

Back 13

Developed Germ Theory (1864) – proved that germs held in the air led to decomposition.
Develops vaccines for Chicken Cholera, Anthrax and Rabies.

Hint 13

The microscope – allowed him to study microbes.
Government support and National rivalry meant that his projects received funds and equipment.
Luck – His chickens were given the wrong disease and he was able to work out why they survived

Front 14

Who was Robert Koch

Back 14

Discovered the actual microbes that caused diseases such as Cholera and Tuberculosis.
Found a way to make the microbes easy to see and therefore easier to study.

Hint 14

The microscope – allowed him to study microbes.
Government support and National rivalry meant that his projects received funds and equipment.
Scientific Research techniques meant that he recorded everything in detail to allow others to study his findings further

Front 15

Who was Joseph Lister

Back 15

Used Carbolic Acid spray as an antiseptic during surgery in order to kill the germs in the air. (1865-67)
This cut his post-operative mortality rate to 5%.

Hint 15

Pasteur’s work on Germ Theory. He used this idea to try to cut deaths from infection.
Prior knowledge – Carbolic Acid had been used before to make sewage safe as a fertiliser.
Publishing – the growth of medical journals meant new ideas could be easily shared

Front 16

Elizabeth Garret Anderson

Back 16

First woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain (1865). She faced continued male opposition to her career. Started the New Hospital for Women in London. Women allowed in Medicine from 1876.

Hint 16

She qualified through the Society of Apothecaries, was inspired by first American female doctor Elizabeth Blackwell. She learned French do she could study in Paris where women were allowed.
The Government eventually passed a law to allow women to study Medicine.

Front 17

Joseph Bazalgette

Back 17

As Chief Engineer in London he designed and supervised a new sewage system (1856-66) that carried waste to treatment plants. He also built it big, so it continues to work until the present day

Hint 17

Government: Appointed and supported the development after Cholera outbreak killed 10,000 (1853/4) and the ‘Great Stink’ (1858).
Technology: Sewage processing plants.

Front 18

Alexander Fleming

Back 18

He identified and published the discovery of penicillin, an anti-biotic mould that killed bacteria (1928).

Hint 18

Luck: He was studying bacteria and returned to find mould in one dish that was killing it.
Skill: He was able to see the importance of this and then conducted experiments to show it killed other types of bacteria.
He published his findings in scientific journals.

Front 19

William Beveridge

Back 19

Produced a report about ways to fight the 5 ‘Giant Evils’; ‘Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness’(1942). This led to the development of the NHS and Welfare State after 1945.

Hint 19

Government: Wartime coalition government asked for the report on how Britain should be rebuilt after the war. The 1945 Labour government introduced the measures.
War: WW2 and people’s hardship built support for the suggested reforms.

Front 20

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey

Back 20

They developed the way to mass produce penicillin which has since saved thousands of lives and made many other better more quickly

Hint 20

Fleming’s research.
War: WW2 and especially the US involvement provided the funding to develop penicillin in large quantities. US drug companies provided facilities.
Scientific Research: They were researchers from Oxford University who worked together.