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91 Cards in this Set
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What are the key aspects to consider in studying development? (7) |
RICA BUT Rationale for development (Why) - Need, purpose, motivation, intention Implementing Development (How) - methods, tools, measures, indicators Context of development (Where) Architects of development (Who) - people who are responsible and those who experience it (development and underdevelopment) Beneficiaries of development (Whose) - target group Understanding or defining development (What) - theories, concepts, definitions, policies Timing of development (When) - point of intervention/ action |
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What is the criteria for NIC status? |
1. Manufacturing contribute 30% of GDP 2. Manufactured goods are 50% of exports 3. More people are employed in industry than agriculture 4. Per capita income of US$2,000 (as of 1991) |
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How is the developing world characterized? |
- a rich diversity of human experience and social organization - vast variety of political organizations - dual society: signs of material wealth coexist with poverty and basic survival - Commonality: European colonialism and the legacy of inflexible economic structures - Commonality: the pervasiveness of the capitalist economic logic, and its contradictions |
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What are four labels of international development? |
1. Fourth world 2. Two-thirds world 3. Majority world 4. South/Global South |
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Why is development difficult to define and measure? |
- different issues and problems - different approaches - different levels of industrialization - considering different segments of the pop - conceptualizing poverty - development as an ideology of the 'good life' |
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What is GDP? |
Gross Domestic Product: Total value of all g/s produced within a country's economy, regardless of nationality of those involved |
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What is GNP? |
Gross National Product: Total values of g/s produced by the citizens of a country regardless of where that production takes place |
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What is PPP? |
Purchasing Power Parity: Accounts for different buying power of a dollar in different economies, equating the price of a basket of identical traded goods and services in two countries |
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What are three ways the word 'development' is used according to Thomas? |
Development as... a Vision: vision or description of how desirable a society is and what are its key components a Historical Process: Social change that takes place over long periods of time due to inevitable processes Action: deliberate efforts to change things for the better (e.g. providing food aid to alleviate hunger) |
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What are Rostow's five stages of Economic Growth? |
1. Traditional Society - low level of tech, poverty, primary production, traditional values 2. Preconditions for take-off - creation of national state, trade expansion, increases in investment 3. Take-off - higher productivity in industry + agriculture than pop growth 4. Drive to maturity - greater technological development and integration into the world economy 5. Age of High mass consumption - higher incomes and consumption beyond basic needs |
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What is growth in GDP caused by? |
increased productivity in agriculture, natural resource extraction, and industrialization |
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What is social capital? |
Social capital: the extent to which individuals are willing to cooperate in the pursuit of shared goals thought to be essential to the development of a civic and democratic culture |
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What are some of the reasons income inequality exists? (5) |
NARLI - Neo-colonial economic relations - Absence of social safety nets - Regressive taxation - Limitations of late industrialization processes - Impact of colonial rule |
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What is absolute poverty, moderate poverty, and relative poverty? |
Absolute poverty: minimum level of income required for physical survival (US $1.25 per day) Moderate Poverty: Level of income where basic needs are barely met but survival is not actually threatened (US $2/day) Relative poverty: does not threaten a person's daily survival but that person may not have the income necessary to fully participate in his or her society |
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What is HDI? |
Human Development Index: a composite measure of three equally weighted factors -- long and healthy life, knowledge, and standard of living |
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According to Dudley Sears, what are the conditions for the realization of human potential? |
JOANA - Jobs should be available to all family heads - Opportunity to the populace to participate in gov't - Adequate incomes that provide a subsistence package of food, shelter, clothing and footwear - National independence should be achieved in 'the sense that the views of other governments do not largely predetermine one's own government's decision' - Access to education increased and literacy ratios raised |
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What are Dennis Goulet's three basic components or core values of development? |
- Life sustenance - Self-esteem - Freedom |
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What does Amartya Sen's capability approach focus on? |
the importance of real freedoms in the assessment of a person's advantage AHBO - individual differences in the ability to transform resources into valuable activities - the multi-variate nature of activities giving rise to happiness - a balance of materialistic and non materialistic factors in evaluating human welfare - concern for the distribution of opportunities within society |
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What is Amartya Sen's development as freedom? |
Having the capacity to openly and freely determine goals and to act on a collectively chosen path |
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What is the Homer-Dixon approach in terms of ingenuity and resilience? |
Having sufficient social and physical space such that you minimize individual/collective vulnerability to natural and human-made risk |
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What does "development as choice and security" mean? |
Choice --> you are not entirely a victim of circumstance, and it is your capacity to take decisions and act on them (health, education, social inclusion, resources) Security --> risk management, threats, and vulnerabilities |
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What are the 17 SDGs? |
1. No poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and well-being 4. Quality education 5. Gender equality 6. Clean water and sanitation 7. Affordable and clean energy 8. Decent work and economic growth 9. Industry, Innovation, and infrastructure 10. Reduced Inequalities 11. Sustainable cities and communities 12. Responsible consumption and production 13. Climate Change 14. Life below water 15. Life on land 16. Peace, Justice and Strong institutions 17. Partnership for the goals |
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What are the millennium development goals? |
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development |
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What is an outline of the history of interaction b/w Global North and South? |
Exploration and exedition --> Expansion, conquest and Occupation --> independence, decolonisation --> the aftermath (almost 95% of developed countries are independent nations) |
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What were the motives for European expansion and conquest? |
- Economic motives: limits of industrial revolution (dwindling economic resources within Europe, search for new markets) - Political motives: great powers' competition for new territories - rush to seize unclaimed territories - opportunity to expand as a zero-sum game - risky to wait and watch (discovery of diamond + gold) - Imperial powers' race to keep pace with their neighbors - Nationalist motives: search for national grandeur - 'men on the spot' seizing an 'opportunity' |
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What is a Colony? |
Colony: a territory outside of Europe ruled by a European power |
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What is Colonization? |
a system of settling and occupying a specified territory with some peoples ruling over other peoples' |
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What is colony - colonus - farmer? |
the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin |
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What is the difference between colony and colonialism? |
foundation of a colony may simply indicate the displacement and resettling of a population, colonialism implies the rule of some people over the other |
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What is imperialism - imperium - to command? |
draws attention to the way one coutnry exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control |
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What is Imperialism? (two definitions) |
1. a political system by which colonies are ruled from a central seat of power in the pursuit of largely if not entirely economic goals 2. an economic system in which a state pursues external investment and penetration of markets and sources of raw materials |
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What is Neo-colonialism? |
Neo-colonialism: a system in which the economies of formally independent countries remain subject to the control of others, often their former colonial powers |
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In European domination of africa, why was there an enormous disparity in power between the colonizers and colonized? |
Industrialization: compared to other colonial regions Technology |
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How did colonialism transform indigenous societies? |
- European faith in essential cultural differences and in the superiority of European peoples (whiteman's burden) - colonial powers' ambivalent commitment - late promotion of economic development to counter resistance movements |
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What is social darwinism? |
an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of darwinism or of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict b/w groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones - European race was superior to others, and therefore, destined to rule over them - progress as justification for the desctruction of 'primitive societies' |
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What are the adverse impacts of colonialism? |
CDRSRS 1. Cultural impact in terms of self-image and identity 2. Decision-making structures and leadership 3. Responsibility-taking and sense of entitlement 4. Sense of community and community mortality 5. Resource drain --impacts nation's wealth and resources 6. Segregated benefits - extreme racial segregation in South Africa - apartheid - Exploitative land revenue collection in indian colony - Zamindari system and 'divide and rule' |
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Broadly speaking, what did colonialism do? |
1. Nurtures underdevelopment and encourages the culture of dependency 2. Weakens the legal and educational systems of the colonized country 3. Exploits the natural resource within the colonized country and shaped the modern trade/market 4. Led to the dispersion of the people and blurring of communal identity 5. Disintegrates the political and governance system of a country |
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What are the five factors that made people see colonialism as detrimental to development and democracy? |
1. Issues of development: creates patterns of development that often leave countries highly dependent on exports from monocrop agriculture and resource-extractive industry 2. Social Fragmentation: associated with high levels of ethnic and religious fractionalisation. In many cases colonial powers drew territorial boundaries for administrative or military reasons - ethnic fractionalisation shown to complicate establishment of stable democracy --> greater difficulty maintaining democracy in long run 3. Post-colonial relationship between the state and civil society - colonialism's effect on political actors, arguing that authoritarian rule by colonial powers left both elites and population unprepared for democracy - others focus on the state, arguing that the structural legacies of colonial rule led to a strong predatory state 4. Colonial economic development distorted the social structure in ways that - increased power of classes resistant to democracy - weakening classes whose struggles for political influence were associated with establishment of democracy 5. continued responsiveness of the state to outside influences - state may become autonomous and unresponsive to actors and interests in civil society due to dependence of the national economy on foreign actors - foreign capital continues to play important role in economy - state defending external interests at the expense of domestic actors |
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What did the declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples state? |
1. subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights 2. all peoples have the right to self-determination, but does not necessarily include the right freely to determine their political status and freely to pursue their economic, social, and cultural development 3. all armed action or repressive measures directed against dependent peoples shall cease 4. immediate steps to transfer all powers to the peoples of those territories |
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What are the new challenges for understanding development? |
1. assimilating the experiences of diff nations and gov'ts 2. rethinking development in a longer-term historical perspective 3. reconsidering the goals of development (meaning of 'good life') |
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What is Welfarism? |
Welfarism: the proposition that the 'goodness' of any situation be judged solely on the basis of the utility levels attained by individuals in that situation |
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Under the basic needs school, what are the three needs to be met? |
1. Survival (food, nutrition, water, sanitation, health, clothing) 2. security (income, shelter, peace and security) 3. Empowerment (basic education + functional literacy, psychosocial and family care, and participation in political process |
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What is BHN |
Basic human needs: viewed the poor as target groups rather than participants in development |
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What is the capability school/approach? |
- provides a fuller recognition of the variety of ways in which lives can be enriched or impoverished |
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What is the human development approach? |
process of enlarging people's choices and enhancing human capabilities - the range of things people can be and do - HDI |
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What is the human rights approach? |
- poverty is a violation of human rights - the poor are entitled to demand that others meet international law obligations geared to the reduction of poverty |
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What is modernization theory? |
- transition from traditional to modern society by arguing that there is a natural evolution of societies from one stage to another - importance of societies being open to change and see reactionary forces (tradition) as restricting development |
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How is a country seen as modern? |
it has to undergo an evolutionary advance in science and tech which in turn would lead to an increased standard of living for all |
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What are the differences b/w a traditional society and modern? |
Affectivity vs. affective neutrality: Predominance of roles that give affective or emotional gratification vs. performance is affectively neutral Ascription vs. Achievement: Predominance of roles based on non-achievable status or attritubes, indifferent to the quality of performance vs. achievement is the basis for status Diffusion vs. Specificity: Predominance of roles in which a number of functions can be combined vs. specific to particular functions Particulism vs. Universalism: Predominance of roles in which expectations are based on status of the performer vs. performance is irrespective to the status of the performer Collectively-oriented vs. Self-oriented: Predominance of roles oriented towards the collective vs. private self-interest is prime motivation |
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What does Huntington argue on political order in changing societies? |
As societies modernize, they become more complex and disordered. If this is not matched by a process of political and institutional modernization, violence may result
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What are the criticisms of modernization theory? |
1. ethnocentric because: - devalues traditional values and social institutions - ignores increasing inequality within and between countries - not a neutral theory b/c it promotes western capitalist values 2. education in developing world mainly benefits small, local elites 3. assumes unlimited natural resources for industrial expansion (ignores ecological issues) 4. no one single way to advancement and historical context is also important 5. cultures of developing countries may be response to economic insecurity and low levels of material well-being, not the cause of it |
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What is dependency theory? |
Claims that lack of development is b/c of history of colonialism and neo-colonialism and elites in traditional societies collaborated in the underdevelopment of their own countries. Also argues that it is impossible for traditional societies to catch up with modern ones. |
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What are the characteristics of countries in the periphery? (5) |
PADAC - provide raw materials, cheap labor for core - are vulnerable to volatility of raw material prices - depend on core for capital, tech, knowledge - are often dependent on one core country - concentrate on few primary commodities |
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What are the three predicted outcomes for the periphery? |
1. Economic: results in continued underdevelopment 2. Social: produces inequality, conflict within periphery 3. Political: reinforces authoritarian government within periphery |
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What is Keynesian economics theory? |
When spending increases in an economy, earnings also increase, leading to even more spendings and earnings (aggregate demand created is the most important driving force in an economy) - one person's spending goes towards another person's earnings |
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What was Keynes' solution to the poor economic state during the great depression? |
government should increase spending (increase money supply or actually buying) - massive defense spending helped revive US economy |
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What is neoliberalism? |
political philosophy and dominant economic development approach that emphasises: - economic growth through minimal or no gov't interference and creation of free market forces - accumulation by dispossession: centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few by dispossessing most |
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What were the main points of neoliberalism? |
1. Rule of the market: bracing private enterprise with freedom of capital, g/s , with minimal gov't control 2. Deregulation of gov't controls in order to generate profit for private business - reduce gov't regulation of everything that could diminish profits 3. Cutting public expenditure for social services (but allowing gov't subsidies and tax benefits) 4. Privatization: sell state-owned enterprises, g/s to private sectors 5. Replacing "public good" or "community" focus with one on "individual" - pressuring poorest people to find solutions by themselves, blaming them if they fail |
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What were some effects neoliberalism caused in developing countries? |
- used the state to re-engineer economies in favour of private capital - favoured foreign over domestic capital - attacked third world countries' industrialization efforts - made debt payments harder by lowering exports' prices - caused massive transfer of capital from third world to first world - blamed third world gov'ts for lost decades of development - caused 'the end' of development |
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What is the difference between keynesian economics and neoliberalism? |
Keynesian = use of gov't spending on public sector and building infrastructure to improve economy and create jobs Neoliberalism = reduce gov't spending and public sector; increase role of private sector and market forces |
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What is the rationale behind shifting state to the market and public to private? |
1. greater efficiency and investment 2. faster economic growth 3. increased standard of living |
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What is globalization and the four basic aspects of it? |
all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world (global society) 1. trade and transactions 2. capital and investment movements 3. migration and movement of people 4. dissemination of knowledge |
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Why is development said to have failed? |
- did not bridge gap b/w rich and poor countries - any gains that development made were rolled back due to neoliberalism - development has been sidelined by globalization - modest reforms of the UN millennium development goals |
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What is the top-down (trickle-down) approach? |
Uses richer individuals and large companies as the driving force of economic growth with the rational that wealth created will naturally trickle down and benefit all. The state should focus on creating a conducive environment for the wealthy and large companies to thrive, achieving development through higher scale and larger plans |
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What is the bottom-up (grass-roots) development approaches? |
Give direct support to bring people out of poverty, include people in decision-making processes, identify people's needs and priorities, sustainability as a long-term goal. improved marketing and access to it, local level planning, etc. |
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What is export led growth? |
achieving economic growth through production and export of products which the country has a comparative advantage at producing |
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What is import substitution and what is the opportunity cost associated? |
Domestic production of products instead of import by giving subsidies, protecting domestic industries from foreign competition, tariffs to reduce import. The benefits of free trade is lost and there is a wastage of resource to produce what can otherwise be imported
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When does food security exist? |
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet dietary needs and preferences for an active and happy life |
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What are the four dimensions of food security? |
1. physical availability of food (sufficient quantities, consistent)
2. economic and physical access to food (purchasing food and political capacity to control food related decisions) 3. food use (person's body must be in good physical condition in order to properly use the food so feeding practices, food preparation, ability to make healthy food choices and appropriate use) 4. stability of the other three dimensions over time: adverse weather conditions, political instability, economic factors |
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What are the two general types of food insecurity? |
Transitory food insecurity: - short-term/temporary - occurs when sudden drop in ability to produce or access enough food to maintain a good nutritional status - results from short-term shocks and fluctuations in food availability/access, including year-to-year variations in production, prices, incomes - can be overcome with different capacities and types of intervention (early warning capacity and safety net programs) b/c it is unpredictable Chronic food insecurity - long-term/persistent - occurs when unable to meet minimum food requirements over sustained period of time - results from extended periods of poverty, lack of assets and inadequate access - can be overcome with long term development measures used to address poverty |
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What is undernutrition? |
Undernutrition: the result of prolonged low levels of food intake and low absorption of food consumed |
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What is undernourishment or chronic hunger? |
The status of persons, whose food intake regularly provides less than their minimum energy requirements (< 1800 kcal per day) |
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What is Malnutrition? |
Malnutrition: broad term for a range of conditions that hinder good health, caused by inadequate or unbalanced food intake or from poor absorption of food consumed (refers to both undernutrition and overnutrition) |
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Who is most at risk of hunger and food insecurity? |
- rural poor - urban poor - victims of catastrophes - refugees |
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What is the difference between poverty and development? |
development is a contested term, but poverty is a condition most agree must be eradicated |
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What are the four ethical reasons for reducing poverty? |
PESI 1. Productivity increases with a healthy pop 2. Environmental degradation reduced 3. Social conflict reduction contributes to democracy and social stability 4. It could be an answer to the fight against terrorism and other forms of extremism |
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What is poverty? |
"A human condition characterized by the sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights" |
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What are the four approaches to understanding poverty? |
Income/consumption: measures only one dimension of human well-being Capabilities approach Social Exclusion: concerned with policies that eliminate discrimination and promote affirmative action on human rights grounds Participatory Assessment: an approach concerned with ways of getting people to participate themselves in decisions about what it means to be poor and bringing about sustainable livelihoods |
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What are the deprivations of poverty? |
Income Consumption Capability Living Conditions |
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What are the five characteristics of poverty?
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MCACC - Multidimensional: deprivations not only related to basic material resources, but also social resources (access to education, info and respect) - Complex and Dynamic: conditions of poverty are interconnected, shared among people experiencing similar hardships and difficult to overcome - Avoidable: measures can be taken to prevent it - Collective responsibility: society at all levels has a collective responsibility to reduce extreme poverty - Contextually defined: people are not poor in absolute sense, but in relation to a particular socio-economic context |
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What is a right-winged view on poverty? |
Right-winged: poor have only themselves to blame for wrong economic policies, civil wars, or geography and climate - poverty is an individual phenomenon - impoverished ppl are the same people every year |
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What is a left-winged view on poverty? |
Left-winged: poverty as a global construct arises from the economization of life and forced integration into the world economy - poverty is a structural phenomenon - people find themselves in holes in the economic system that deliver them inadequate income - impoverished ppl are not the same people every year |
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What are the three biggest right-wing lies about poverty? |
1. Economic growth reduces poverty 2. Jobs reduce poverty 3. Ambition cures poverty |
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What are the five categories of assets/capital? |
Natural capital: access to land and resources (trees/animals) allowing ppl to invest in productive processes Social capital: relations among ppl are shaped by histories of interactions, regulating further interaction Human capital: health, capability, disabilities Financial capital: ppl need money to make long-term investments Physical (built) capital: buildings, roads, tools provide security, mobility, and capability that allow people to produce, transform, exchange and consume goods |
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What is the limits to growth debate? |
Unless rates of population growth, production and consumption were quickly constrained, we would face catastrophe and collapse. The debate questions sustainability of development strategies |
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What are some counter arguments to the limits to growth debate? |
- as resources become scarce, prices rise, consumption declines - economic growth might cause environmental degradation in the short term, but as incomes rise, environmental conditions improve - predictions of limits to growth model have not come to pass |
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What is sustainable development? |
Sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
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What is the neo-liberal solution on property rights? |
privatization of state and common lands and granting of exclusive rights to common resources |
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What are the four different types of property regimes governing natural resources according to Hardin? |
open access: the absence of well-defined property rights where access to the resource is unregulated and free/open to everyone private property: the rights to exclude others from using the resource and regulation of resource is vested in an individual Communal property: resource held by an identifiable community of interdependent users (exclude outsiders, regulating use by members) State property: rights to the resource are vested exclusively in government which makes decisions concerning access and level of exploitation |
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What are the three classical theories of justice? |
Utilitarianism --> justice is what is beneficial to the most
Libertarianism --> justice is what is beneficial to the strong (freedom of individual to make their choices freely through a free market) Contractarianism --> justice is what is beneficial to the poor |
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What are the four basic types of justice? |
distributive: outcome oriented - achieved through a lowering of risks, not a shifting or equalizing of existing risks procedural: process oriented - perceived fairness of the procedures leading to the outcome (right to treatment as an equal) corrective: repair and rectify - punishments are assigned and damages inflicted on individuals and communities are addressed social: just society and fair treatment - resources and power to live as befits human beings, privileged classes be accountable to society |
