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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Light is a form of radiation energy T or F? |
True |
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A neutron particle has a negative charge T or F? |
False, positive charge |
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The term dose is used to express a measure of radiation that a body or other material absorbs when exposed to a radiation field T or F? |
True |
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What unit is used to measure the rate of radioactive decay? |
Becquerel |
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Alpha-emitters are chemically similar to _______ in their action within the human body? |
Calcium |
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Small, electrically charged particles emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms? |
Beta particles |
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Who discovered the x-ray? |
William Roentgen |
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What is the most frequent route of entry of radioactive material into the body? |
Absorption through intact skin |
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Background radiation is the radiation coming from sources other than the radioactive material to be measured. What is the source of most background radiation? |
Cosmic rays |
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Describes all forms of radiation energy that originate in the nucleus of a radioactive atom? |
Nuclear radiation |
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What are two types of injurious effects of ionizing radiation? |
1) somatic effects 2) genetic effects |
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In terms of radiation exposure, what is the latent period? |
The time between exposure and the first signs of radiation damage. (the larger the dose, the shorter the period) |
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Why should pregnant women be concerned about ionizing radiation? |
The rapidly dividing cells of a fetus or more susceptible to radiation damage than are mature cells. Severe defects can result from excessive exposure to radiation. |
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What are the potential avenues of radiation exposure to the public? |
• contaminate air & water • waste materials • employees unknowingly leaving work w/ contamination on their persons, clothes, or shoes |
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A general term used to mean particles (charged or uncharged) that are energetic enough to knock electrons out of the material that the radiation is passing through? |
Ionizing radiation |
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Unstable forms of elements that decay to stable elements, emitting ionizing radiation in the process? |
Radioactive materials |
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A measure of the amount of energy that ionizes radiation deposits (in the process of ejecting electrons) in a mass of material? |
Dose |
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RPM's |
Radiation-producing materials |
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Atom splitting? |
Fission |
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A general term for the defining characteristic of radioactive material; that it decays by emitting radiation? |
Radioactivity |
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Stopping electric fields is easy T or F? |
True |
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Licensing is required to use the industrial, scientific, and medical bands of the electromagnetic spectrum T or F? |
False |
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The protons in the nuclei of atoms attract an identical number of electrons, so the atom is neutral T or F ? |
True |
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Lead is necessary for RF/MW shielding T or F ? |
False |
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Common glass does not offer complete protection against UV-A, although it is very effective against UV-B and UV-C. T or F ? |
True |
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In what direction do magnetic field exists in relation to the direction of the current flow a. parallel b. perpindicular c. surrounding d. 45 degree angle |
Perpindicular |
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To what level did the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection raise the TWA exposure limit for static magnetic fields? |
200 mT |
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What does 1 watt times 1 second equal? |
1 joule of energy |
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What are the target organs of optical radiation? |
• eyes • skin |
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What is the most common skin effect from infrared (IR) and visible light? |
Sunburn |
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The polarity and strength between positive and negative? |
Alternating current |
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How often do polarity changes in the current occur in the United States? |
60x per second |
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What is the basic law of electrical engineering and how is it expressed mathematically? |
Ohm's law, states that volt equals current times resistance or, by units, volts equals amps times ohms. |
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What is the speed of electromagnetic radiation in air and in a vacuum? |
It is the same; about 300,000,000 m/s or about 186,000 mi/s |
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What is the 2001 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for DC electric fields from 0 Hz to 100 Hz? |
25 kV/m as a ceiling limit |
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What is one medical electronic device that can suffer negative effects from static magnetic fields? |
Artificial cardiac pacemakers can be fooled by ambient electric and magnetic fields |
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How are magnetic fields controlled? |
Using permeable alloy that can find the magnetic flux lines and diverts them |
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What portion of the radio frequency spectrum is the range for microwaves? |
Microwave or the portion of radio frequency spectrum ranging 300 MHz to 300 GHz |
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How much radiation leakage is allowed under the present emission standard for microwave ovens? |
No more than 1 mW/cm2 when measured at 5cm and old ovens, no more than 5m/cm2 when measured at 5cm. |
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What two undesirable effects on the skin or produced by UV-B and UV-C? |
1) the skin toughening evident among desert dwellers 2) skin cancer |
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How are magnetic fields often measured? |
With loops of conducting wire. The lines of magnetic field passing through the loop induced current flow. The field can be calculated by measuring the amperes of induced current and dividing that by the circumference of the loop. |
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How are electric fields at frequencies ranging up to 100 kHz often measured? |
By inserting a displacement sensor, a pair of flat conductive plates, into the field and measuring the electric potential between the plates. The surveyor must stand away from the detector because their body will shield the detector and create a falsely low measurement. The instruments come with long non-conductive handles. |
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Rate at which energy is transferred to tissue. This is called the specific absorbtion rate (SAR), expressed in watts of power deposited per kilogram of tissue (w/Kg) |
Dose rate |
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People who work in strong magnetic fields should avoid unusual shift work that causes them to lose track of day night cycles T or F? |
True |
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The sum of the deep dose equivalent resulting from the external radiation sources and the committed effective dose equivalent from internal sources? |
total effective dose equivalant (TEDE) |
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What 4 elements are needed to be able to see? |
1) contrast 2) light 3) size 4) time |
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We can only see visible light. What are the colors of the visible spectrum (hint: ROY G BIV) |
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet |
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Alpha-emitters are considered to be primarily internal radiation hazards T or F? |
True |
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The occupational dose equivalent to people under the age of 18 should be less than 0.1 rem per year T or F ? |
True |
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Ionizing radiation can sometimes be detected by taste or smell T or F ? |
False |
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Hydrogen-3 is another name for what element? |
Tritium |
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______ ______ is the most sensitive to the effects of radiation exposure? |
Bone marrow |
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A piece of masked photographic film worn as a badge for personal monitoring of radiation exposure? |
Film badge |
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Where might a person experience neutron exposure? How is that exposure detected? |
Neutron expsure can be around reactors, accelerators, and sources designed to produce neutrons. Exposure is detected by the number of neutrons absorbed and by their energy distribution. |
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What happens when a beta-particle is slowed down or stopped? What type of shooting should be used to minimize this effect? |
Secondary x-radiation, known as bremsstrahlung, may be produced. Light metals such as aluminum are preferred for shielding since they produce less bremsstrahlung radiation. Plexiglas is another sheilding material that is effective. |
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The thickness of a specified substance that, when introduced into the path of a given beam of radiation reduces the value of the radiation quantity by one half. Sometimes expressed as mass per unit area. |
half-value layer |
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What ways are the effects of irradiation on living systems studied? |
•Looking for the effects on living cells •Changes in biochemical reactions •Evidence of production of disease •Changes in life or normal growth patterns |
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Describe the basic model of an atom? |
Atoms have two basic parts: 1) a nucleus containing POSITIVELY charged particles called NEUTRONS 2) relatively light weight, NEGATIVELY charged particles called ELECTRONS, which spin around the nucleus |
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How does an x-ray machine allow you to see various internal structures of the human body? |
X-radiation is commonly thought of as electro- magnetic radiation produced by an x-ray machine. High-speed electrons are suddenly slowed down when they strike a target and they lose energy in the form of x-radiation. X-rays penetrate different materials to varying degrees. When the X rays hit the film behind the object, they expose it just as light would. Since, bone, muscle, fat, and tissues all absorb x-rays in varying degrees, their image on the film lets you see the distinct structures within the body. |
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LET ? |
Linear enery transfer (LET), it is the amount of energy ionizing radiation deposits per unit distance |
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Alpha emitting source does not present any hazard to a person when it is external to the body due to its quick energy loss and high density of ionizing T or F ? |
True |
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Alpha emitters can be damaging to the cells if it is inhaled, ingested, or otherwise taken into the body T or F ? |
True |
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An electron by itself; one that has been freed from its shell? |
Beta radiation |
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_______ are responsible for most of the natural background radiation dose received by the average person living in the United States? |
Alphas |
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Secondary x-rays are known as __________? |
Bremsstrahlung |
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________ ________ is the radiation of concern from the inhalation of naturally occurring radon in our environment? |
Alpha radiation |
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REM ? |
Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM), all radiation is measured by rem's |
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Highly penetrating. Electromagnetic radiation that originates outside the nucleus? |
X-radiation |
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Similar to x-radiation in that it is electromagnetic and ionizing. Its source is the nucleus of the atom. It is in the form of waves. Similar to light waves. |
Gamma radiation |
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Electromagnetic radiation that does not cause ionization. includes ultraviolet, laser, infrared, microwave, and radio frequency radiation? |
Non-ionizing radiation |
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Two examples of non-ionizing radiation? |
• Fluorescent light • Footcandle |
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Light amplification by simulated emission radiation? |
Laser |
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Laser applications? |
•surgery •pointers •barcode readers •construction tool levelers |
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Mostly used in cooking and very penetrating? |
Microwave radiation |
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The health risk zones for heat and cold stress are located just beyond the comfort zone on the thermal stress continuum T or F ? |
False |
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Insulation can reduce heat flow by radiation, convection, and conduction T or F ? |
True |
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If the clothing worn by a worker is likely to substantially reduce evaporative cooling, then heat strain monitoring is the most feasible approach for evaluating heat stress T or F ? |
True |
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According to NIOSH's Recommended Exposure Limit, as metabolic rate increases, the WBGT threshold increases as well T or F? |
False |
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Reflective clothing may increase heat stress exposure because it reduces sweat evaporation T or F? |
True |
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If according to thermal balance equation the value of S is zero, which of the following is true? a. The body is gaining heat b. The body is losing heat c. The body is in thermal equilibrium d. none of the above |
The body is in thermal equilibrium |
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A pale face, a high pulse rate, and dizziness are signs and symptoms of _____ _____? |
Heat exhaustion |
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Which of the following factors in the thermal balance equation depends on air temperature and the volume of air inhaled? a. Crespb. Rc. Erespd. K |
Cresp |
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If an employee experiences more than a _____ loss of body weight between the beginning and the end of a work shift, then he or she is likely to be excessively dehydrated? |
1.5 percent loss |
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A burning sensation, blisters, and tingling are signs and symptoms of ______? |
Frostbite |
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Requiring that mittens be used below -17 C (1 F) is NOT an engineering control for cold stress T or F ? |
True |
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What are the three factors that influence the degree of thermal stress a worker feels? |
• climate conditions • work demands • clothing |
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Why does increased metabolism result in increased rates of heat gain? |
Because the conversion from chemical energy to kinetic energy is inefficient |
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If workers are exposed to heat stress on an episodic basis, how is there heat stress assessed? |
It is assessed in terms of safe exposure times for a given level of heat stress |
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Describe three ways of controlling diffuse sources of radiant heat? |
• sheilding • insulating surfaces • decrease surface's emissivity |
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What are two physiological responses to cold stress? |
• shivering • reduced blood circulation through the skin |
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When workers are at risk for cold stress, what general controls should be implemented? |
• training programs • hygiene practices • medical surveillance |
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How does the skin cool the body? What role does sweating play in the process? |
The heat generated by muscular work warms the tissues deep inside the body, generally resulting in an increase in the body's core temperature. Blood circulating through the core picks up heat energy and is then directed to the skin where it is cold through a process called convection. Convection is the exchange of heat between the skin and the surrounding air. If the surrounding air is cooler than the skin, heat flows from the body by producing sweat, which remove heat energy from the skin's surface as it evaporates. As people become acclimated to heat stress, they sweat more and increase their body's ability to cool itself. |
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Energy traveling in form of waves or high-speed particles? |
Radiation |
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Process where one or more electrons is removed from a neutral atom by action of radiation? |
Ionizing radiation |
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Some alpha emitters are absorbed into the ______, where they remain for long periods of time? |
Bones |
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A helium atoms stripped of its electrons? |
Alpha radiation |
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3 main radiation exposure pathways? |
1) inhalation 2) ingestion 3) direct exposure |
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Alpha radiation target organ? |
Lungs |
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Beta radiation barriers? |
•foil •glass •thick clothing |
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Beta radiation target organs? |
•skin •eyes |
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Sources of beta radiation? |
• uranium • platonium • radioactive waste ( nuclear power plants) |
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Gamma radiation barriers? |
• lead • concrete |
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Who regulates radiation? |
NRC |
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What is the general industry Ionizing Radiation Standard? |
1910.1096 |
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NCRP ? |
National Council on Radiation Protection |
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During any calendar quater, the radiation dose to the whole body shall not exceed ____ rems? |
3 |
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All radiation is measured in _____ ? |
REM's |
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Light is measured in _________? |
Footcandles |
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Ultra violet light target organs? |
• cornea • skin (melenomas) • cataracts |
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Why are cobalt lenses used for eye protection in welding? |
Because they protect against infrared or ultra violet light |
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Police radars use microwave radiation T or F ? |
True |
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Viruses are totally dependent on their hosts for replication T or F? |
True |
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Viruses only infect higher plants and animals T or F? |
False |
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Direct contact of an infected person with another person is common in the laboratory environment T or F? |
False |
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Because of the stringent requirements associated with BSL-4 containment, only a few facilities that meet this standard have been built and are operational T or F? |
True |
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BSL ? |
Biosafety levels |
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Decorative plants are restricted from use at BSL-3 and higher T or F? |
True |
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Personal habits such as nail biting must be avoided because they offer an excellent means of ingesting pathogens T or F? |
True |
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What are the two categories of microorganisms? |
1) prokaryotes 2) eukaryotes |
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What is the most frequently used an effective example of laboratory containment equipment? |
Biological safety cabinet |
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What two serious hazards can be presented by centrifugation? |
1) dispersion of aerosols 2) mechanical failure |
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Which of the following terms implies complete elimination or destruction of all forms of microbial life? |
Steralization |
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What prompted OSHA to establish the blood borne pathogens standard in 1991? |
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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Invasion in the body of pathogenetic microorganisms and the reaction of tissues to their presence and to the toxins generated by them? |
Infection |
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What are four occupations in which workers are exposed to animal related allergens and to infectious agents or their toxins? |
• agriculture • vetinareans • zoologists • taxidermist |
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What control measures should be used for the zoonotic diseases considered to be a hazard for agricultural workers? |
• awareness • PPE • prevenative vetinary care • worker education • medical monitoring |
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What biosafety guidelines are most commonly used in the United States for containment of biohazardous agents in the workplace? |
• develop an exposure control plan • education |
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What is one of the most critical workplace controls used to minimize exposure to HIV, HBV, and HCV? |
Reduction of sharps related incidents |
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What is the infection control concept of universal precaution? |
TREAT EVERYTHING AS THOUGH IT IS ALL INFECTOUS !!! |
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What are the four components of an epidemiological investigation of any disease outbreak (natural and artificial) |
1) Documantation (who is infected) 2) Identify (sources & routes) 3) Recording (signs & symptoms) 4) Rapid Identification (where did it come from) |
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What health effects are consistent with endotoxin exposure? |
• chest tightness • fatigue • cough • acute airflow obstruction |
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What appears to cause organic dust toxic syndrome? |
Inhalation of particles and toxins produced by micro-organisms |
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What are 3 ways that infectious airborne particles can be generated? |
1) Aerosol liquids 2) cultures 3) bacterial colonies |
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What is primary containment and how is it acheived? |
Primary containment is the protection of workers and the enviornment. It is acheived through : • good work practices • safety equipment • vaccines |
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What is secondary containment and how is it attained? |
Secondary containment is the protection of personel in the immediate area outside of laboratory and the community (enviornment external to the workplace). It is attained by using: • adequately designed, constructed, and maintained facilities • operational practices |
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Classifications of work ? |
•Light work (< than 200 Kcals per hr) •Moderate work (200-500 Kcals per hr) •Heavy work (< than 500 Kcals per hr) |
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Anything one must do to get comfortable in the environment? |
Thermal comfort |
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What factors affect thermal comfort? |
•humidity •air temp •metabolic rate •age •clothing •and more |
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Amount of moisture in the air at some taking her temperature? |
Relative humidity |
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WGBT ? |
Wet Bulb Globe Tempature (WGBT) |
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DB ? |
Dry Bulb (DB) direct measure of air tempature |
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GT ? |
Global tempature (GT) measures radiant heat |
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How many days does it generally take a person to acclimate to heat? |
3-4 days |
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The process of becoming accustomed to new conditions |
Acclimitization |
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A condition usually caused by loss of body water because of exposure to excess heat? |
Heat exhaustion - symptoms include: • headache • fatique • clamy • nausea |
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A serious disorder resulting from exposure to excess heat. It results from sweat suppression and increased storage of body heat? |
Heat stroke- symptoms include: • hot dry skin • red face • mental confusion |
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What is always a medical emergency? • heat stroke • heat exhaustion • heat stress • any temp above 98.6 |
Heat stroke |
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Who sets the guidelines for heat stress? |
ACGIH - most all industry goes by these guidelines |
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What part of the body is the most sensitive to temperature changes? |
Head |
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Regulates inner body temperature by constricting or dilating blood vessels? |
Hypothalamus Gland |
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Why is it hard to acclimate to the heat in these days? |
Air conditioning |
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Rate at which you burn calories? |
Metabolic rate |
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Comes off solid objects and flows from hot-to-cold surfaces. Its affects depends on: •outer temp •skin temp •clothing |
Radiant heat |
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Exchange between skin and surrounding air? |
Convective heat |
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When two solid objects are in contact the heat flows from warm-to-cool objects? |
Conductive heat |
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Energy is measured in _________? |
Kcals |
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Rate of metabolism depends on ______ and ______ of work being done? |
rate and type |
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What factors affect thermal balance? |
- climate conditions - work demands - clothing (3 characteristics) • insulation • dermability • ventilation |
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During heat stress metabolism rate can add _______x more heat to the body than radiant and convective heat combined? |
10-100 |
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A combination of increased body temperature, heart rate, and sweating? |
Heat stress |
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Dehydration is a precursor to heat exhaustion T or F? |
True |
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What are the predisposing factors of HEAT EXHAUSTION? |
• sustained exurtion in heat • lack of acclimation • failure to replace water lost in sweat |
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What are the predisposing factors for HEAT STROKE? |
• lack of physical fitness (most serious disorder) • obesity • recent alcohol intake • dehydration |
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What are some workplace risk factors for heat stress? |
• hot enviornment • high work demands • required protective clothing |
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What are some environmental factors affecting heat stress? |
• air tempature • humidity • air speed • average temp of the solid surroundings |
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What are the GENERAL controls for heat stress? |
- training - hygiene practices • replacing fluids • know when to take breaks • leveling out more effort • diet • lifestyle • becoming acclimated to heat • individuals health status |
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What are the SPECIFIC controls for heat stress? |
• engineering • administrative • PPE |
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What are the 2 major factors of heat stress? |
1) work demands 2) enviornmental conditions |
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Ingested inside the body but not in the intestines? |
Paranteral |
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Microorganisms that may be present in the human blood and body fluids and are capable of causing disease in human beings? |
Bloodborne pathogens |
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Target organ for bloodborne pathogens? |
•immune sytem •Blood |
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What type of workers are most at risk to occupational biohazards? |
•Agriculture •medical •laboratory |
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Hepatitis B target organ? |
Liver |
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EDL ? |
Exposure determination plan |
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Represents the later clinical stage of HIV infection? |
AIDS- Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrom |
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Most biohazardous agents belong to these groups? |
•microorganisms •anthropods •allergens & toxins (from higher plants) •protien allergens ( not peanuts Connie !!:) |
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3 frequent bloodborne pathogens associated with occupational infections? |
• HIV • Hep B • Hep C |
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Opposition to current flow? |
Resistance |
