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76 Cards in this Set
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Aronson, E., Linder, D.
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Proposed gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than evaluation that remains constant)
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Asch, S.
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Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines
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Bem, D.
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Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
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Clark, K., Clark, M.
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Performed study on doll preferences in African American children; the results were used in the 1954 Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case
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Darley, J., Latane, B.
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Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping; social influence and diffusion of responsibility
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Eagly, A.
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Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles
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Festinger, L.
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Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory
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Hall, E.
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Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
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Heider, F.
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Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
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Hovland, C.
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Studied attitude change
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Janis, I.
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Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry
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Lerner, M.
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Proposed concept of belief in a just world
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Lewin
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PDivided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
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McGuire
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Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
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Milgrim, S.
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Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory explain difference between city and country dwellers
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Newcomb, T.
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Studied political norms
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Petty, R., Cacioppo, J.
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Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)
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Schachter, S.
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Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
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Sherif, M.
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Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation
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Zajonc, R.
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Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
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Zimbardo, P.
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Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
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Ainsworth, M.
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Devised the "strange situation" to study attachment
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Baumrind, D.
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Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression
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Bowlby, J.
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Studied attachment in human children
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Chomsky, N.
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Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition
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Erikson, E.
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Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
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Freud, S.
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Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development
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Gesell, A.
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Believed that development was due primarily to maturation
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Gilligan, C.
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Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
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Hall, G.
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the founder of developmental psychology
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Harlow, H.
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Used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
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Kohlberg, L.
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Studied moral development using moral dilemmas
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Locke, J.
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British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates to be written on by experience
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Lorenz, K.
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Studied imprinting in birds
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Piaget, J.
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Outlined four stages of cognitive development
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Rousseau, J.
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French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
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Terman, L.
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Performed longitudinal study on gifted children
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Tryon, R.
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Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats
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Vygotsky, L.
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Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
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Adler, A.
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Psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex
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Allport, G.
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Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
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Bandura, A.
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Behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag ("Bobo" doll)
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Bem, S.
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Suggested that masculinity and femininity were to separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny
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Cattell, R.
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Trait theorist who used factory analysis to study personality
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Dollard, J. and Miller, N.
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Behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts
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Erikson, E.
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Ego psychologist whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan
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Eysenck, H.
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Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
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Freud, A.
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Founder of ego psychology
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Freud, S.
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Originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality
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Horney, K.
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Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from
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Jung, C.
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Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious , with archetypes being in the collective unconscious
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Kelly, G.
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Based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"
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Kernberg, O.
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Object-relations theorist
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Klein, M.
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Object-relations theorist
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Lewin, K.
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Phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
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Mahler
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Object-relations theorist
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Maslow, A.
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Phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization
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McClelland, D.
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Studied need for achievement (nAch)
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Mischel, W.
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Critic of trait theories of personality
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Rogers, C.
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Phenomenological personality theorist
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Rotter, J.
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Studied locus of control
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Sheldon, W.
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Attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type
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Skinner, B. F.
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Behaviorist
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Winnicott, D. W.
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Object-relations theorist
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Witkin, H.
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Studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test
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Beck, A.
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Cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression
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Bleuler, E.
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Coined the term schizophrenia
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Dix, D.
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19th century American advocate of asylum reform
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Ellis, A.
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Cognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)
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Freud, S.
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Developed psychoanalysis
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Kraepelin, E.
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Developed system in 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered to be a descendant of this system
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Pinel, P.
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Reformed French asylums in late 18th century
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Rogers, C.
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Developed client-centered therapy, a therapy that was based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard
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Rosenhan, D.
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Investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
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Seligman, M.
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Formulated learned helplessness theory of depression
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Szasz, T.
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Suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote 'The Myth of Mental Illness'
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