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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Martin Luther King Jr |
-real freedom and progress comes from having concern for more than individual -American Civil rights leader in 1960s -cause of peopleis furthered by working together rather than suffering apart Supports socialism and collectivism |
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Plato |
-Greek philosopher -community served by individuals doing what they do best -people not created equal -some are good at making decisions, others are not Supports laissez-faire (to an extent) |
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Thomas Hobbes |
-English Philosopher -Lived during English Civil War English war was bitter struggle between king and parliament (King Charles I was beheaded) After a brutal republic was formed under Oliver Cromwell -Human nature is characterized by fear, violence, and dangerous self-interest (***extreme individualism) inherently evil -SECURITY OVER FREEDOM (can't have both) -GIVE UP FREEDOM TO ONE PERSON Supports dictator and monarch |
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John Locke |
-English Philosopher -People are rational, intelligent, and reasonable -SOURCE OF POWER IS THE PEOPLE -government protects life, liberty and property -government action must be justified bu popular consent -opposed authoritarianism -government directly accountable to people -PRIVATE PROPERTY Supports democracy |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
-Swiss philosopher who lived in France -COMMON GOOD -people are inherently good and have been corrupted by society -naturally free and equal -private property/ownership led to corruption -will of people is absolute authority
Opposed autocratic government and representative democracy
Supported type society in which citizens make laws directly |
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Tommy Douglas |
-premier of Saskatchewan (1944-1961 -first socialist government in North America -Created first universal healthcare -established automobile insurance -introduced Saskatchewan bill of rights (Canada's first general law preventing discrimination) |
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Milton Friedman |
-Chicago School of economics -inflation result of excess supply of money produced by central banks -money increased = consumer spending increase therefore demand would rise and inflation along with it -money issue should be linked to economic indicators such as rate of inflation Supports FREE MARKET |
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Ovide Mercredi |
-National chief of the Assembly of First Nations 1991-1997 -COMMUNITY |
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Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu |
-Enlightenment thinker in France -worth of individual, equality of individual, and accountability of government -SEPARATION OF POWERS (executive, legislative, judicial) -need the people's involvement -individual involvement in government Supported democracy |
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John Stuart Mill |
-protection of individual decision making -Only limits on individuals should be that which protects the liberty of others -FREE SPEECH |
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Adam Smith |
-pursuit of self interest benefits everyone(providing jobs and cheap products)**** -FREEDOM -Greed is good -disagreed with mercantilism -free-market system -THE INVISIBLE HAND basis of laissez faire capitalism |
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Robert Owen |
-Utopian Socialist -end appalling conditions of workers -NOT overturn system only improve conditions -harshness corrupted human nature -Mill manager of Chorton Twist (cotton spinning) -Model community -infants cared for while parents worked, education available, sponsored medical care,houses renovated, company shops with reasonable prices rather than private shops, fines for drunkenness, shorter work days for 10 year olds, reward good employess,netc -MODIFY! NOT FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES! |
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Karl Marx |
-capitalism emerges from feudalism --> violent conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat (proletariat wins) --> Proletariat establishes dictatorship of proletariat (central planned economy and income according to quality of work) --> economic equality established --> Social classes gradually disappear --> People work for societal good rather than personal gain --> The state withers away -SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM/Communism -overthrow capitalism by by means of class struggle (NECESSARY BEFORE CHANGE) -To each according to his ability, to each according to his need |
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Edmund Burke |
-Classical conservatism -considered reactionary (preserve benefits of world they had previously known) -did not accept classic liberalism -Preferred pre-industrial past -government represented present will of people and legacy of people before and those yet to come -CHANGE CANNOT BE DICTATED BY WHIMS -society run by EDUCATED people (control irrational passions of masses) -hierarchical society to those best suited -law, order, custom, tradition -DID NOT SUPPORT TYRANNY -HATED french revolution (led to reign of terror) -LOVED American revolution (led to orderly government) -uninformed shouldn't have say in government |
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Theodore Roosevelt (and Successor Taft) |
-American President -1901-1909 -Welfare Capitalism -SQUARE DEAL-->labour and capital treated equally -curb excess of laissez faire -Found National Progressive Party (progressivism: equal suffrage, social and industrial justice, minimum wage, prohibition of child labour) -RELATED MAINLY TO WORKPLACE -preventing large companies from abusing control over the market place -Elkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act (1906) stopped railroad company preferential treatment to customers such as Standard Oil Successor Howard Taft -breaking up trusts-large businesses that exerted monopolies -Used Sherman Anti-Trust Act (prevent anti-competitive behaviour ex: a company owning two competing companies) to force Standard Oil company to separate into 34 smaller independent companies -Sherman act used to weaken unions but this was remedied with Clayton Act (1914) |
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John Maynard Keynes |
-British economist -wanted to prevent roller coaster of unregulated market -fundamental error in classic liberalism because people hoard money and fail to invest in economy during economic stress -After great depression -inflation-recession cycle controlled by consumer demand -***during inflation government decrease involvement (raise interest, raise tax, and decrease spending), during recession government increase involvement (decrease interest, decrease tax, increase government spending) -Deficit spending -DEMAND-SIDE ECONOMICS |
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Franklin.D.Roosevelt |
-1933-1945 -MASSIVE public works programs -NEW DEAL -provided emergency relief, reformed banking system, and tried to invigorate agriculture and economy -frist wave: short term efforts -second wave: redistribution of power -Shift to welfare state and mixed economy -protection from abusese of uncontrolled capitalism -people who matter broadened -increased role in government |
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Mary Wollstonecraft |
-fought against classic liberal view of women (women made for man's delight; women are inferior to men) -Education would make women better wives and mothers and equals to men |
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Lenin |
-first leader of communist Soviet Union -leader of Bolsheviks -Land, peace, bread -Revolutions (Red Army under Bolsheviks) -war communism in 1918 -scientific socialism -New Economic Policy in 1921 (allowed some private business) |
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Adolf Hitler |
-Nazi Party -profits shared amongst everyone -NATIONALISM -stifle dissent and terrorize opposition (use of stormtroopers) -advocacy of law and order -capitalized on fear -Aryan race (superior) |
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Josef Stalin |
-1924 secured power -transformation to a communist state -collectivization (kolkhozes-state owned farms) -persecution of Kulaks -Holodmor -GREAT PURGE (1936-1938) eliminate persecution -Gulag camps -new soviet man and new soviet women (propaganda) -Berlin blockade 1948 -focussed on internal improvement |
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Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge |
-Atmosphere of Red Scare -President in 1921 -"return to normalcy" -isolationism, nativism, reduction of government ->less involvement in other countries affairs, policies that favour existing culture and reduce immigration, less government involvement in citizens lives -Revenue Act of 1921(reduced income tax and reduced corporate tax) and Emergency Quota Act (drastically reduce immigration) Gained presidency after Hardings death 1924 -laissez faire stance -Furthered Acts -vetoed legislation to give subsidies to farmers |
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Henry Ford |
-mass production -advocated minimum wage and 40 hour work week -financial motivation |
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Lyon Mackenzie King and C.D Howe (Canada) |
Bennet thought laissez faire would work, it didn't, tried to switch to Roosevelts programs but later lost election King 1935 -social programs -welfare state, mixed economy Howe -minister of everything -used unemployed to build airstrips -Trans Canada airlines as a crown corporation -reformed Canadian national Railway -helping create CBC ***minister of munitions and supply during WWII established 28 crown corporations to produce war effort helped Canadian economy 80 percent exported to allies Bank of Canad became a crown corporation National Film board Unemployment insurance act family allowances national housing act |
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Maurice Duplessis |
-premier of Quebec -1936-1939 -farm credit program, commission to oversee fair wages, and program for destitute mothers and visually impaired -tried to suppress communist activities with Padlock Law 1937 (padlock buildings used for communist meetings) eventually struck down by supreme court -public work programs after war -established own income tax and used funds to expand infrastructure (schools, hospitals, universities,etc) -STRONGLY AGAINST LABOUR UNIONS |
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Sir William Beveridge |
-presented report to British government recommending role of state be expanded to provide more security -Labour Party adopted this (National Insurance Act, National Health service act) -led to postwar consensus (despite political differences collectivist labour party and conservative party maintained programs of welfare state) |
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Friedrich Hayek |
-ideas accepted after 1960s and 1970s -can't have collectivist society (leads to too much government control and government doesn't have sufficient information about demand) -price system is only way to balance supply and demand while maintaining individual liberty |
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Ronald Reagan |
President of U.S in 1981 -influenced by friedman and hayek -Reaganomics -reduced income, business tax, regulation, and increased military spending -SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS/TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS -lowered tax rates for the wealthy because they would invest more capital -HUGE INCOME DISPARITY -NO LABOUR UNIONS |
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Margaret Thatcher |
Britains prime minister 1979-1990 -reduce government involvement -increase economic freedom and entrepreneurship -sold social housing to encourage people to buy -privatization -NO LABOUR UNIONS (confronted miners strike with riot police leading to over 700 injuries) |
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Tony Blair |
"THIRD WAY" -shift to moderate platform -some thacherite but maintain social programs -balance of individualist values of monetarism and collectivist values of social justice -increased public spending on health care and education -national minimum wage!!! |
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Barack Obama |
-2008 -shift in attitudes regarding liberalism -relief and optimism from public -more government involvement in economy -more cooperative internationalism |
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Winston Churchill |
The iron Curtain The line in Europe between self governing countries of the west and countries in eastern Europe controlled by communist Soviet Union Division between American and Soviet ideologies Americans view:barrier meant to contain those oppressed by communism Soviet view:protective measure from capitalist influence Churchill viewed as alarmist or messenger; provoker or warner |
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Fulgencio Batista |
-U.S. supported dictator who took control of Cuban government by staging a military coup -corrupt pro capitalist -wanted to turn Cuba into a Latin Las Vegas, a playground for the rich |
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Fidel Castro |
-led a socialist revolution in Cuba -eventual overthrow of Batista -signed First Agrarian Reform which addressed mistreated workers and poor by breaking up large landholdings, restricting foreign land ownership, and redistributed -developed relationships with Soviet (bought oil from Soviet) -nationalized businesses -failed U.S invasion (cuban exiles trained and supported by U.S.) bolstered Fidel's popularity -U.S refused to trade with Cuba under Fidel's control |
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Joseph McCarthy |
-McCarthyism -Republican Senator -accused members of government were communist -communism had infiltrated democratic government -movement to uncover and persecute those with ties to communism -often false accusations -created suspicions and distrust |
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Pierre Trudeau |
-just society for all Canadians platform -bringing Aboriginals into mainstream -The White Paper proposed to abolish treaties, department of Indian Affairs, and any other distinction -ENDING UNIQUE STATUS so first nations would be able to "catch up" with the rest of society -First Nations saw as a form of assimilation |
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George.W.Bush |
-"war on terror" -result of terrorist attacks -invaded Afghanistan to remove power from Taliban in 2001, extended to Iraq in 2003 |
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Nelson Mandela |
-One of the ANC leaders (African National Congress) -eventually became president of organization -symbol of fight -arrested in 1962, and freed in 1990 -fought against black domination and white domination (freedom and equality) -became president in 1994 first inter-racial election |
