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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are basophils? |
WBC 0.5% in serum Contains granules filled with inflammatory mediators (histamine, serotonin, vasoactive substances) May or may not become tissue mast cells Response in allergy and parasites (secondary to eosinophils) |
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What are eosinophils? |
WBC 1-3% in serum Granules with potent mediators capable of killing parasites In blood stream for 30 min > go to tissues > mostly found under epi surfaces > live a few weeks then replaced Eosinophilia - elevated eosinophil account in the blood, involved in parasitic infections and allergies |
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What are monocytes? |
WBC 3-7% in serum Circulate 1-2 days then migrate to tissue and differentiate into macrophages in all tissues Macrophages found in most tissues with special functions Monocytes just in blood long enough to travel Extremely important to immune response Phagocytocsis and kill bacteria Secretion of cytokines (inflammation and immune response) |
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What is a neutrophil? |
WBC 55-90% in serum Survives 1-2 days at most Half life is 8-12 hrs Bone marrow spends a lot of energy making neutrophils Removed by macrophages to gut and digested First responders |
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What is a lymphocyte? |
WBC 30% in serum B cells, T cells, NK cells Circulate for 4 months between blood stream and lymphoid tissue searching for antigen If meet - clone, differentiate into memory cells If not - die |
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What is an endothelial cell and function? |
Signaling cells of an immune system and regulating leukocyte traffic to tissues Adhesion molecules - addressins allow circulating leukocytes to know where they are in the body (increase or decrease) During infection, certain addressins upregulated and bind and then exit blood stream to get to site of infection |
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What are primary lymphoid tissues? |
Function: maturation of lymphocyte T cells go to thymus B cells depends on species Birds - Bursa of Fabricius Primates, rabbits, rodents - bone marrow Ruminants, pigs, dogs - Peyer's patches |
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What are secondary lymphoid tissues? |
Function: increase chances of lymphocyte meeting antigen Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT LNs - 40%, connected to lymphatic system, adaptive immune response to lymph borne antigen initiated Spleen - 13%, adaptive response to blood-borne Ag MALT - 10%, Peyer's patches, tonsils |
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Where are lymphocytes located in the body? |
WBC count only 2% in blood T and B lymphocytes found with special tests T cells - 75%, thymus B cells - 15-20%, bone marrow, GALT, bursa of Fabricius NK cells - 5-10%, do not have CD3, TCR, or BCR, innate immunity |
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What does a B cell use to recognize an Ag? |
Come in clones, recognize same Ag (epitope) Recognize unprocessed Ag, secrete when it differentiates into plasma cell except in the BCR membrane Recognize one intact Ag |
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What does a T cell use to recognize an Ag? |
Recognize protein Ag presented on MHC molecule via TCR TCR and CD4 recognize peptide antigen on MHC2 molecule TCR and CD8 recognize peptide antigen on MHC1 molecule CD3 molecule responsible for signal transduction |
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What are effector T cells? |
CD4 cells differentiate into TH1, TH2, TH17, Treg to secrete cytokines |
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What are cytotoxic cells effectors? |
CD8 cells differentiate into cytotoxic t cells, large granular kill cells binding by secreting cytokines |
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What are gamma delta T cell effectors? |
Effector cells secrete cytokines and kill cells |
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Name the first cell type to arrive in high numbers to the site of Clostridia tetani infection |
Stimulation of sentinel cells by PAMPs, changes in the endothelial cells, influx of neutrophils, and exudates to the site of infection Phagocytic cells phagocytes and kill the bacteria, some bacteria are not killed and duplicate and produce toxin |
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Define toxoid |
Chemicallyinactivated toxin which stimulates active immunity, protective adaptive immuneresponse |
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Define antitoxin |
Passive immunity Antibody (IgG) to tetanus toxin, passive antibody can bind to and neutralize the toxin and protect the animal from disease |
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Define antibiotic |
Chemical substances produced by the microorgansim or made synthetically which kill or inhibit bacterial growth |
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How does B cell recognize tetanus toxin and how TH cell recognizes the toxin? |
B cell - recognizes epitope on intact protein TH cell - recognize portion of the toxin peptide and bacterial peptides presented on MHC2 Takes 7-10 days, too late |
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Explain what happens in an unvaccinated animal during a Tetanus infection. |
Immune response - bacteria introduced > replicate and produce toxin > stimulate sentinel cell by PAMPs and DAMPs > influx of neutrophils > exudates to site of infection > stimulate phagocytic to kill bacteria B cells - recognize epitope T cells - recognize portion of toxin presented on MHC2 in 7-10 days (too late) and die |
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Explain what happens in an vaccinated animal during a Tetanus infection. |
Immune response - bacterial response into wound > begin to replicate and produce toxin > inflammatory response begins (exudates from blood into tissues contain IgG that bind to toxin and neutralize) Expected outcome - antibiotics given, give tetanus toxoid boosterW |
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What is the important antibody isotope in a protective immunity response to tetanus toxin and functions? |
IgG - bind to toxin, neutralize, opsonize it |
