Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who discovered ABO blood group?
|
Karl Landsteiner
|
|
How did Landsteiner figure out the ABO Blood group system?
|
He tested his blood and that of 5 associates, and described A, B, and O. AB was discovered a year later.
|
|
What is the Landsteiner's rule?
|
The plasma of an individual contains naturally occurring antibodies to A and B antigens, if these antigens are absent from the individual's red cells.
|
|
Type A Antigen on cell
|
Anti-B in plasma
|
|
Type B Antigen on cell
|
Anti-A in plasma
|
|
Type AB Antigen on the cell surface
|
No Antibodies in plasma
|
|
Type O (or no Antigen) on the the cell
|
Anti-A and Anti-B in plasma
|
|
Basic ABO inheritance
|
1. Inherit one gene from each parent (A, B, or O)
2. Codominant inheritance in which you have the gene it is expressed except for O which is silent. |
|
Blood type A
|
AA or AO
|
|
Blood type B
|
BB or BO
|
|
Blood type AB
|
AB
|
|
Blood type O
|
OO
|
|
Genes that affect A and B antigen expression
|
ABO, H and Se
|
|
On DNA there is a gene that codes for a transferase which attach ______?
|
Immunodominant sugar which is the Antigen on the RBC
|
|
Gene H
|
Alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase
|
|
Gene A^1
|
alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
|
|
Gene A^2
|
alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
|
|
Gene B
|
alpha-3-D-galactosyltransferase
|
|
Gene O
|
None
|
|
Gene Se
|
alpha-2-L-gucosyltransferase
|
|
H antigen
|
GDP-Fuc
|
|
GDP-Fuc
|
L-fucose
|
|
A antigen
|
UDP-GalNAc
|
|
UDP-GalNAc
|
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
|
|
B antigen
|
UDP-Gal
|
|
UDP-Gal
|
D-galactose
|
|
Fuc
|
Fucose
|
|
Type 1 chain
|
Se gene
|
|
Type 1 chain
|
1-3 linkage
|
|
1H antigen
|
Type 1 chain
|
|
Type 1 chain
|
see notes
|
|
Type 2 chain
|
attach to the RBC surface
|
|
Type 2 chain
|
1-4 linkage
|
|
H antigen
|
Type 2 chain
|
|
What does the H antigen do
|
Attach the Fuc to either type 1 or 2 chains which then allow sugars to be attached to the chain.
|
|
Type 2 chain
|
see notes
|
|
What does the A antigen look like?
|
see notes
|
|
What does the B antigen look like?
|
see notes
|
|
What does the O antigen look like?
|
see notes
|
|
Expression of type 1 ABH antigens?
|
ABH substance in secretions
|
|
Expression of ABH type 2 antigens?
|
Most ABH antigens on RBCs
|
|
Expression of ABH type 3 antigens?
|
"Repetitive A" antigen in A1 glycoprotein in secretions and glycolipid on RBCs
|
|
Expression of ABH type 4 antigens?
|
Glycolipids on RBCs, carry Pk, P
|
|
ABH antigens on RBCs
|
1. carried on protein and lipid structures
2. most are glycoproteins (attach to something) 3. 5-10% associated with glycolipids |
|
Expression of ABH Antigens by type 1
|
ABH substance in secretions
|
|
Expression of ABH Antigens by type 2
|
Most ABH antigens on RBCs
|
|
Expression of ABH Antigens by type 3
|
"repetitive A" antigen in A1
glycoprotein in secretions glycolipid on RBCs |
|
Expression of ABH Antigens by type 4
|
Clycolipids on RBCs
carry Pk, P |
|
ABH Antigens on RBCs
|
carried on protein and lipid structures
most are glycoproteins 5-10% associated with glycolipids |
|
Glycolipid (lipid linked)
|
Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-Ceramid
Fuc |
|
Glycoprotein (protein linked)
|
Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-Asparag
Fuc |
|
Branching chains of Glycolipid
|
when you are born they are a single chain, however as you get older they become branched.
|
|
The branching of the sugar chain is what
|
The gal-GlcNAc or H antigen is what branches
|
|
Common ABO Alleles are on
|
9q34
exons 6-7 |
|
Group O
|
nucleotide deletion or nor protein or transferase
|
|
A2 nucleotide deletion
|
Reduced function
larger protein with reduced activity (which means it does not do a very good job at attaching gal |
|
ABO histo-blood group antigens are found
|
Tissues (all organs of the body)
platelets environment (like bacteria and animals) |
|
H antigen expression from most H to least H
|
O, A2, B, A2B, A1, A1B, H deficient
|
|
AB Heterozygotes
|
A and B antigens compete for H
An A1B individual may serologically type as A2B |
|
A1 phenotypes
|
Anti-A: 4
Anti- B:0 A1cells: 0 A2 cells:0 B cells:4 |
|
A2 phenotypes
|
Anti-A:4
Anti-B:0 A cells:3 B cells:0 A2 cells:4 |
|
People who are A2 will make Ab to
|
A1
|
|
ABH antigens at birth
|
Weaker than adult
Decreased number of antien sites Branching enzymes not active Straight chains |
|
Development of ABO Antibodies
|
-Antibody production begins after birth
-"Naturally occurring" Immune response to antigens in environment -Antibodies detected in infants 4-6 months old -antibody levels vary between adults |
|
Anti-A and Anti-B titers
|
Are naturally occuring
Titers are higher in O person then in A or B people |
|
Anti-A and Anti-B immune
|
Group A and Bs have some IgG, most IGM
Group Os have IgG and IgM Some IgA |
|
Serologic characteristics of Anti-A and Anti-B
|
optimum temp of reactivity
IgM-4C IgG-4C and 37C can cause in vitro hemolysis |
|
Clinical significance of Anti-A and Anti-B
|
bind complement
cause HTR Cause mild HDFN (group O moms with A or B Babies) |
|
Anti-A,B
|
-found in group O individuals
-IgM, IgG -adsorbed by either A or B RBCs -directed against epitopes common to A and B |
|
Anti-A,B reagent
|
-More sensitive
-polycolonal or monoclonal -FDA requirement cause it reacts with Ax RBCs -will be neg for O patients |
|
Anti-A1
|
-Found in 1-8% of A2 individuals
-Bound in 22-35% of A2B individuals -optimum temp of reactivity is 4C very rarely 37 C -does not react in the PEG reaction -made by people who are A2 |
|
Lectin
|
proteins that bind to carbohydrates, present in plants (usually seeds)
|
|
Anti-A1 specificity
|
Dolichos biflorus (diluted)
|
|
Anti-H specificity
|
Ulex europaeus
|
|
Anti-H
|
-alloantibody
-rare -usually seen as cold reactive A, B, or AB individuals -optimum temperature of reactivity is 4C -made by people who lack H so you are hh |
|
H deficient indian (bombay) phenotype
|
-described in 1953 by Bhende
-individual from Bombay, India -No ABH detected on RBCs (Oh) -anti-H, A and B in plasma -no H (FUT 1) gene or Se (FUT 2) -A or B genes can be present |
|
H deficient (para-bombay) phenotypes
|
-Weak ABH detected on RBCs
-No detectable H on RBCs -No H (FUT 1) -Se (FUT 2) gene present -A or B genes can be present |