Immune System Test

Front 1

How do the words innate and acquired relate to when these types of immunity develop in an animal's body?

Back 1

Innate is nonspecific and is developed upon contact externally (skin and mucous membranes and chemicals and phagocytic cells).

and
Acquired is after specific exposure when the lymphocytes react specifically to the threat.

Front 2

What does an eosinophil attack?

Back 2

parasites. They do so with the use of destructive enzymes

Front 3

What does a natural killer cell attack?

Back 3

natural killer cells attack virus-infected or cancer cells. they trigger apoptosis.

Front 4

What is the complement system

Back 4

the complement system assists in acquired defenses. It consists of cytokines

Front 5

what are prostaglandins

Back 5

prostaglandins promote blood flow to damaged area and is part of the inflammatory response.

Front 6

What do neutrophils do

Back 6

neutrophils carry out phagocytosis. They are the most numerous phagocytic white blood cells.

Front 7

what do monocytes do

Back 7

monocytes circulate in bloodstream and enlarge in tissues to turn into macrophages

Front 8

what do macrophages do

Back 8

macrophages may become permanently attached in various organs and carry out phagocytosis. Then, they present an antigen to alert the rest of the immune system.

Front 9

what do dendritic cells do

Back 9

dendritic cells stimulate acquired immunity and are antigen-presenting cells and are phagocytotic

Front 10

what are mast cells

Back 10

they are present in connective tissue. mast cells release histamine when they are damaged.

Front 11

what is histamine

Back 11

histamine triggers dilation and leakiness of blood vessels when mast cells release it

Front 12

what are interferons

Back 12

interferons stimulate neighboring cells to produce substances that inhibit viral reproduction

Front 13

what are lysozymes

Back 13

lysozymes are enzymes that attack bacterial cell walls.

Front 14

what are chemokines

Back 14

chemokines congregate phagocytic cells and produce antimicrobial compounds

Front 15

describe the differences between the antigens that B cell receptors and antibodies recognize and the antigens that T cell receptors on cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells recognize.

Back 15

B cell receptors give rise to plasma cells and secrete antibodies.

T cell receptors recognize antigens and MHC molecule complex.

Front 16

How is the great diversity of B and T cells produced?

Back 16

they differentiate by moving to different locations

Front 17

What prevents B and T cells from reacting against the body's own molecules?

Back 17

the system distinguishes own molecules from foreign

Front 18

describe clonal selection

Back 18

a small number of cells is selected by their interaction with a specific antigen to produce thousands of cells keyed to that particular antigen.

Front 19

what surface molecule of a helper T cell facilitates the interaction with a class II MHC molecule of an antigen-presenting cell and the helper T cell?

Back 19

CD4 surface proteins

Front 20

What surface molecuile on a cytotoxic T cell assists in the interaction with a class I MHC molecule displayed on infected cells?

Back 20

CD8 surface proteins

Front 21

what does an activated helper T cell release?

Back 21

cytokines to stimulate humoral and cell mediated response

Front 22

what does a cytotoxic t cell attached to an infected body cell release?

Back 22

perforin... it perforates cell membrane

Front 23

Blood type/ Antigens/ Antibodies/ Receive from/ Donate to

Back 23

Blood type/ Antigens/ Antibodies/ Receive from/ Donate to
A A B A and O AB, A
B B A B and O AB, B
AB A&B none A,B,AB,O AB
O none A&B O O,A,B,AB

Front 24

Why is aids so deadly

why has aids proved to be so difficult to prevent and cure?

Back 24

people with it are susceptible to infections and cancers because their immune systems are suppressed

It is difficult to prevent and cure because it kills helper T cells by reproducing or by apoptosis triggered by the virus.

Front 25

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins.

Back 25

immunoglobulins: IgD IgM IgA IgE IgG

Front 26

which immunoglobulin is first exposure to antigen

Back 26

IgM

Front 27

which immunoglobulin is most abundant in blood and gives passive immunity to babies?

Back 27

IgG

Front 28

which immunoglobulin is present in tears, saliva, and mucus, and breast milk

Back 28

IgA

Front 29

which immunoglobulin is related to allergies and triggers release of histamine

Back 29

IgE

Front 30

which immunoglobulin is present on surface of naive B cells (has had no exposure to the antigen yet)

Back 30

IgD

Front 31

what is agglutination

Back 31

it causes bacteria to clump together so they are easier to engulf

Front 32

besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin and mucosae of the body contribute to body protection in other ways. cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, acid pH and cilia

Back 32

mucus-located in eyes, mouth, nostrils, skin
importance: traps invaders, prevents entrance

lysozyme-located in tears, saliva, mucus
importance: attacks bacterial cell walls

acid pH-located in skin, and stomach
importance: kills some pathogens

cilia-located in respiratory tract
Importance: traps bacteria and pathogens and removes them

Front 33

although immune system has two arms, it has been said, no t-cells, no immunity, why?

Back 33

The t-cells display the antigen and secrete cytokines to activate B and T cells

Front 34

as an infant receives her first dose of oral polio vaccine, the nurse explains to her parents that the vaccine is a preparation of weakened virus. What type of immunity will the infant develop?

Back 34

active immunity.... can be acquired when the body produces antibodies and develops immunological memory from either exposure to an infectious agent or from immunization

passive immunity is temporary and is poroveided by antibodies supplied through the placenta to a fetus, through milk to a nursing baby, or an antibody injection.

Front 35

explain the underlying mechanisms responsible for the main signs of acute inflammation: heat pain redness swelling

Back 35

dilation of small blood vessels and increased blood supply to the area and fluids move from blood to surrounding tissue. Vessels become more permeable. the histamine is responsible for the dilation and leakiness of blood vessels. the histamine is released by damaged mast cells and activated macrophages and others release prostaglandins and other chemicals that promote blood flow to the area

Front 36

how does immune system relate to tissue and organ transplants .... and
what is a graft vs. host reaction

Back 36

transplants are rejected because foreign MHC molecules are antigens and trigger immune responses. It helps to use closely related donors. a graft vs host reaction may occur in a bone marrow transplant when the new bone marrow cells reject the body of the host. so, major histocompatibility complex needs to match as closely as possible.

Front 37

how does immune system relate to blood transfusions

Back 37

antibodies to other blood group antigens other than one's own antigens arise in response to normal bacterial flora and circulate in blood plasma, where they induce a devastating transfusion reaction to transfused blood cells with matching antigens.

Front 38

how does immune system relate to allergies

Back 38

allergies are hypersensitivities to certain environmental antigens. IgE antibodies created in response to an allergen may bind to mast cells in connective tissue. When allergens bind to these cell surface antibodies, the mast cells release histamines, which create an inflammatory response.


$$$$ The immune system overreacts to harmless substances.. Anaphylactic shock may occur... which is a life-threatening allergic reaction in which there is a body-wide release of histamine and blood vessels get bigger throughout the body and there is a blood pressure crash.

Front 39

how is immune system related to autoimmune diseases

Back 39

when immune system turns against itself... they may be caused by failure in regulation of self-reactive lymphocytes. examples are lupus and multiple sclerosis.

Front 40

how is immune system related to inborn immunodeficiencies

Back 40

inborn immunodeficiencies may occur in any of the components of the system. in severe combined immunodeficiency or SCID, both humoral and cell mediated immune systms are nonfunctional. it is a genetic disease in which people are born without immunes systems.

Front 41

how is aids related to the immune system

Back 41

it suppresses immune system . Hiv infects cells with surface CD4 molecules, including helper T cells, macrophages, and brain cells.

$$ It infects helper T cells so the rest of the immune system is not alerted to the invader. The affected individuals are susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers as a result.

Front 42

how would a macrophage deficiency likely affect a person's innate and acquired defenses?

Back 42

innate would be affected because phagocytes are needed for this nonspecific defense mechanism. this innate immunity is needed for the acquired immunity to be functional, even though there are other methods of obtaining innate immunity. the phagocytes are needed to present the antigen that is infecting the host to the acquired immune system.

Front 43

many anti-allergy medications block responses by mast cells. explain why these drugs are effective in treating allergies like hay fever.

Back 43

mast cells produce histamines due to pathogens, so if their responses are blocked, then no inflammation, leakiness, and dilation occur. they're called antihistamines... they block the receptors for histamine.

Front 44

in myasthenia gravis, antibodies bind to and block acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, preventing muscle contraction. is this disease best classified as an immunodeficiency disease, autoimmune, or allergic? explain

Back 44

it is an autoimmune disease because the immune system turns against itself since antibodies (part of the immune system) prevent the contraction from occurring.

Front 45

people who have nonfunctional chemokine receptors because of a genetic mutation are immune to HIV infection.. why ?/

Back 45

chemokines cause congregation of phagocytic cells and the production of antimicrobial compounds. So, the hiv can't infect the helper t cells because the phagocytic cells already eat them before they can get to them since the phagocytic cells are clumped there.

Front 46

B cell function

Back 46

Immunity is divided into two types. (acquired and innate)

Acquired Immunity is what is divided into Humoral (B Cell) immunity or Cell mediated (T Cell immunity)

Humoral Immunity is promoted by B Lymphocytes. This immunity is mediated by secreting antibodies. The Antibodies bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes or the complement.

B Lymphocytes divide into plasma cells and memory B Cells. Plasma cells begin synthesizing more free antibodies and memory B cells remain in the body in case of reinfection.

Front 47

Plasma cells

Back 47

lymphocytes that are parto f the humoral response and produce antibodies

Front 48

helper T cells

Back 48

they stimulate B and T cells by displaying antigen and releasing cytokines. They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells which attack infected or cancer cells through apoptosis or they kill pathogen itself.

Front 49

cytotoxic T cells

Back 49

help cell mediated response and attack body cells and cancer cells and transplanted tissues.

Front 50

memory cells

Back 50

derive from dividsion of b cells. have prolonged life and remember specific intruders. they can be B or T cells

Front 51

phagocytes

Back 51

find and eat bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells and display antigens.

Front 52

lymphocytes

Back 52

white blood cells that originate in bone marrow and may migrate to parts of the lymphatic system .... they are B and T cells

Front 53

antibodies

Back 53

produced by B cells. they are proteins athat mark intruders for destruction by other cells

Front 54

cytokines

Back 54

regulate other cells and are secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells after they engulf microbes. They are a group of proteins secreted by phagocytes and helper t-cells to alert body (B and T cells_) that it is under attack.

Front 55

list the major difference between innate and acquired immunity

Back 55

innate is nonspecific and is general defenses in the 1st and 2nd line of defense
and acquired is specific. and is third line of defense. it's designed by immune system, attacks and remembers

Front 56

list the four types of innate 1st line of defense mechanisms.

Back 56

skin and mucous membranes, secretions, cilia, stomach acid

Front 57

what is an epitope

Back 57

an epitope is a localized region on the surface of an antigen and is the part that is recognized.

Front 58

explain the process of phagocytosis

Back 58

cells engulf quantities of food nonspecifically using enzymes

Front 59

list the 4 types of phagocytes

Back 59

neutrophils
monocytes
eosinophils
dendritic cells

Front 60

which type of phagocytes are found permanently in the lymph nodes?

Back 60

monocytes

Front 61

which type of phagocyte would be most effective against roundworm infection

Back 61

eosinophils

Front 62

list four organs found in the immune system

Back 62

spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, appendix, adenoids, tonsils

Front 63

define apoptosis

Back 63

programmed cell death

Front 64

define antigen

Back 64

foreign molecule recognized by lymphocytes... they are the proteins on surface of pathogens

Front 65

define antibody

Back 65

antibodies are blood proteins which mark antigens for destruction and are made by B cells.

Front 66

list two targest of natural killer cells

Back 66

virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Front 67

explain events that occur when you step on a rusty nail.

Back 67

phagocytes migrate to injured tissues. several chemicals attract them. they devour pathogens and clean up remains of tissue cells and neutrophils that have self-destructed. inflammation occurs when mast cells release histamines.

Front 68

purpose of taking antihistamines for allergies and colds

Back 68

antihistamines block reception of histamineswhich are released due to allergens.

Front 69

give one positive and one negative consequence of fever

Back 69

p-stimulate phagocytosis and tissue repair
n-septic shock may occur by overwhelming response

Front 70

list the four main features of acquired immunity and explain each

Back 70

it is specific, it is diverse, memory, knows the difference between self and nonself

Front 71

make a list showing 4 differences between the humoral response and cell-mediated response.

Back 71

humoral: include B cells; produce antibodies; involves blood and lymph; defend against toxins, viruses in body fluids

cell-mediated: include T cells; does not produce antibodies; defends against bacteria-and-virus-infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, fungi protists, worms, and is not limited to the blood and lymph.

Front 72

2 major classes of lymphocytes where does each mature

Back 72

b bone marrow
t thymus

Front 73

what is difference between effector and memory cells

Back 73

effectors are short lived and fight pathogens

memory cells are longlived and carry antigen receptors

Front 74

difference between primary and secondary immune response

Back 74

primary: first exposure to antigen 10-17 days; produced by effector T cells; produces effector cells.

secondary: body encounters same antigen again. takes 2 go 7 days; memory cells

Front 75

lysozymes

Back 75

protective enzymes in sweat and tears that can digest bacterial walls

Front 76

macrophage

Back 76

White blood cells that engulf invaders

Front 77

monocytes

Back 77

big eaters that reside permanently in lymph organs

Front 78

which are the most common phagocytes

Back 78

neutrophils