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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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history
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the study of the past
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culture
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the knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people
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archaeology
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the study of the past based on what people left behind
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fossil
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a part or imprint of something that was once alive
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artifact
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an object created and used by humans
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primary source
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an account of an event by someone who took part in or witnessed the event
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secondary source
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information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event
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geography
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the study of Earth’s physical and cultural features
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landforms
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the natural features of the land’s surface
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climate
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the average weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time
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environment
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all the living and nonliving things that affect life in an area
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region
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an area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas
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resources
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the materials found on Earth that people need and value
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prehistory
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the time before there was writing
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hominid
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an early ancestor of humans
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ancestor
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a relative who lived in the past
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tool
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an object that has been modified to help a person accomplish a task
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Paleolithic Era
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the first part of the Stone Age; when people first used stone tools
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society
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a community of people who share a common culture
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hunter-gatherers
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people who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive
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migrate
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to move to a new place
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ice ages
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long periods of freezing weather
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land bridge
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a strip of land connecting two continents
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Mesolithic Era
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the middle part of the Stone Age; marked by the creation of smaller and more complex tools
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Neolithic Era
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the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills
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domestication
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the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
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agriculture
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farming
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megalith
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a huge stone monument
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Fertile Crescent
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an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
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silt
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a mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming
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irrigation
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a way of supplying water to an area of land
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canal
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a human-made waterway
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surplus
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more of something than is needed
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division of labor
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an arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job
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rural
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a countryside area
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urban
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a city area
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city-state
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a political unit consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside
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Gilgamesh
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King of Uruk, a citystate in Sumer, he became a legendary figure in Sumerian literature.
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Sargon
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King of Akkad, a land north of Sumer, he built the world’s first empire after defeating Sumer and northern Mesopotamia.
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empire
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land with different territories and peoples under a single rule
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polytheism
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the worship of many gods
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priest
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a person who performs religious ceremonies
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social hierarchy
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the division of society by rank or class
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cuneiform
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the world’s first system of writing; developed in Sumer
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pictograph
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a picture symbol
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scribe
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a writer
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epics
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long poems that tell the stories of heroes
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architecture
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the science of building
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ziggurat
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a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumer
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monarch
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a ruler of a kingdom or empire
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chariot
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a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Chaldean king, he rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city, which featured the famed
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alphabet
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a set of letters that can be combined to form words
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cataracts
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rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt
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delta
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a triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river
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Menes
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Legendary Egyptian ruler, he unified the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and built the new capital city of Memphis.
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pharaoh
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the title used by the rulers of Egypt
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dynasty
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a series of rulers from the same family
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Old Kingdom
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the period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified
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Khufu
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Egyptian pharaoh, he ruled during Egypt’s Old Kingdom and is known for the many monuments built to honor him.
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noble
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a rich and powerful person
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afterlife
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life after death, much of Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife
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mummy
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a specially treated body wrapped in cloth for preservation
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elite
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people of wealth and power
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pyramid
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a huge triangular tomb built by the Egyptians and other peoples
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engineering
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the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
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Middle Kingdom
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the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability
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New Kingdom
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the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory
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trade route
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a path followed by traders
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Queen Hatshepsut
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Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.
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Ramses the Great
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Egyptian pharaoh, he expanded the kingdom and built lasting temples at Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. Ramses the Great is often considered one of Egypt’s greatest rulers.
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hieroglyphics
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the ancient Egyptian writing system that used picture symbols
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papyrus
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a long-lasting, paper like material made from reeds that the ancient Egyptians used to write on
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Rosetta Stone
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a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing
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sphinx
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an imaginary creature with a human head and the body of a lion that was often shown on Egyptian statues
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