Ihum202, Exam 1

Front 1

What most distinguishes the painting of northern Renaissance Europe from the painting of the south?

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love of detail

Front 2

Painted for a hospital dedicated to treating people with serious skin diseases, the Crucifixion in Matthias Grünewald's Isenheim Altarpiece was meant to remind patients that they were not alone in their suffering through its

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grimly realistic portrayal of morbidity.

Front 3

One of the most distinctive features of Robert Campin (Master of Flémalle)'s Mérode Altarpiece is its

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everyday appearance.

Front 4

Jan van Eyck’s painting Double Portrait of a Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife abounds with symbols. Which of the following objects is traditionally thought to represent the presence of Christ?

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chandelier with one burning candle

Front 5

The financial capital of northern Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was

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Bruges.

Front 6

Oil Painting, or Jan van Eyck’s Studio, a print shown in Fig. 16.2, illustrates what aspect of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century northern European painting?

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paintings as consumer commodities for the middle class

Front 7

The small size of Robert Campin (Master of Flémalle)'s Mérode Altarpiece suggests that

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It was a private devotional object.

Front 8

Albrecht Dürer combined an interest in the phenomena of the scientific world with an interest in

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humanism

Front 9

Flemish painters recognized all of the following to be advantages of oil paint except

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dries more quickly than tempera.

Front 10

In northern Europe in the fifteenth century, a new patron group was the

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merchant class.

Front 11

A three-paneled, hinged painting is called a

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triptych.

Front 12

Which northern artist published treatises on drawing, perspective, proportion, and techniques of painting?

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Albrecht Dürer

Front 13

The predella of the Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald shows the

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Lamentation.

Front 14

The Catholic Church used the income from selling indulgences to

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lavishly rebuild St. Peter's in Rome

Front 15

How is intaglio printing different from relief printing?

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In intaglio printing, the ink is in the grooves of the plate, whereas in relief printing, the ink is on the raised surface of the block

Front 16

The term "Protestant" derives from a

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petition signed by eighteen German states protesting the emperor’s revoking their discretion in doctrinal matters.

Front 17

Dutch and Flemish buyers of still-life paintings

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felt that moral implications of subject matter helped justify buying and owning “secular” art.

Front 18

Moveable type was first invented by the

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Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng in 1045.

Front 19

Within the developing Protestant aesthetic of restraint and propriety, a popular type of painting for northern homes was the cycle, a series of

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paintings on a secular theme.

Front 20

Albrecht Dürer connected Adam and Eve to his own time by

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including animals that symbolized how Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden had affected health

Front 21

In his Ninety-Five Theses, Martin Luther was specifically angered by the

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sale of indulgences by the Dominican monk Johannes Tetzel

Front 22

Which of the following statements is true of Europe in the sixteenth century?

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Lutherans were concentrated in northern Europe.

Front 23

The Bible was originally translated into English by

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William Tyndale.

Front 24

Martin Luther believed that religious music

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deserved the highest praise, next to the word of God.

Front 25

In reaction to the Protestant Reformation, in 1545, the Council of Trent recommended reforms to Church practices including all of the following

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reforming the sale of indulgences.

declaring that art should be emotional in order to arouse piety and fervor.

decreeing that art should be clear and realistic in order to increase understanding

Front 26

Landscape painting emerged as a new genre for all of the following reasons:

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A growing middle class was increasingly interested in decorative art for the home.

Some sects deemed religious art a sin.

The market for religious imagery was diminishing.

Front 27

A hymn sung by the entire congregation is called a

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chorale.

Front 28

The most remarkable cultural characteristic of Elizabethan England was the rise of which art form?

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drama

Front 29

Hans Holbein the Younger is noted for the realism of his

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portraits

Front 30

The interior monologue of a dramatic character talking to himself or herself is called a(n)

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soliloquy.

Front 31

William Shakespeare’s plays are written almost entirely in unrhymed iambic pentameter, also known as

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blank verse

Front 32

During his lifetime, William Shakespeare was a(n)

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acknowledged master of the English stage

Front 33

After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth could rightly claim

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the supremacy of England in world affairs.

Front 34

The forerunners of drama as an art form in Elizabethan England include all of the following

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morality plays.

miracle plays.

revels.

Front 35

In the Dissolution Act of 1536, King Henry VIII of England dissolved the

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monasteries and sold off Church holdings

Front 36

During Tudor times, London flourished financially for all of the following reasons

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maritime activity increased, leading to an increase in the community of merchants.

people flocked to the city from the countryside, looking for opportunities.

Antwerp collapsed as a center of trade.

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Hans Holbein the Younger's The Ambassadors demonstrates that

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Henry VIII's court had an international climate

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England’s becoming Protestant began with

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the Pope’s refusal to annul Henry VIII’s marriage to Katharine of Aragon

Front 39

Medieval society came to a decisive end during the reign of Elizabeth I due to

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a breakdown in class distinctions and social mobility related to a new ability to acquire wealth.

Front 40

The rise of the theater and drama as an art form in the Elizabethan era was primarily due to the

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rise of the middle and upper classes

Front 41

The Mannerist school of painting was in direct opposition to the ________ tendency of the Counter-Reformation.

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classicist

Front 42

According to the Council of Trent, the main function of the arts in religion was to

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draw the eyes and minds of the people toward God

Front 43

Religious Mannerist paintings

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were often unsettling to the viewer.

Front 44

The term mimesis refers to

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the art of faithful representation.

Front 45

The term "Counter-Reformation" refers to

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the Roman Catholic Church's reforms in reaction to Protestantism

Front 46

Artemisia Gentileschi's portrait of herself as La Pittura is notable because she portrays herself as

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an artist immersed in her work.

Front 47

In The Rape of Europa, Titian most draws attention to the distinctive virtuosity of his manner of painting through the

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sensuality of his lush brushwork.

Front 48

Charged with reforming the Catholic Church, the Council of Trent sought to restore Church discipline in all of the following ways

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halting the sale of Church offices.

requiring bishops to return to their dioceses and supervise them directly.

requiring bishops to maintain strict celibacy

Front 49

In the case of Michelangelo's Last Judgment, the tensions between the Mannerist style and the aims of the Counter-Reformation are underscored by the

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Vatican's reaction to the frescoes' nude figures.

Front 50

The Mannerist style is characterized by all of the following

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obscure settings.

artificial poses.

distorted proportions.

Front 51

The Spanish Inquisition sought to do all of the following

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convert Muslims and Jews.

expose Catholic priests and nuns who practiced mysticism.

expel non-Christian Spaniards

Front 52

Figura serpentinata, or serpentine figure, is found in all of these artworks

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Michelangelo's Victory.

El Greco's Resurrection.

Michelangelo's Last Judgment.

Front 53

Baroque artists used foreshortening in order to

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break down the barrier between the painting’s space and that of the viewer.

Front 54

One of the first women artists to achieve an international following, Artemisia Gentileschi preferred to paint

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depictions of women from myths and biblical stories

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Michelangelo Merisi, known as Caravaggio, was one of the most influential artists of his day because of his

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mastery of light and dark in a technique known as tenebrism.

Front 56

This church designed by Francesco Borromini departs from Renaissance traditions by

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replacing classical balance and clarity with dramatically elaborate ornamentation.

Front 57

Monody is a combination of

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solo voice and basso continuo.

Front 58

The Counter-Reformation Baroque style is characterized by

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increasingly ornate and grandiose forms expressing emotion and feeling.

Front 59

The Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola founded the

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Jesuit order

Front 60

In the seventeenth century, the center of musical activity in Europe was

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Venice

Front 61

In the Cornaro Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Gianlorenzo Bernini’s Cornaro family portraits lean out of what appear to be theater boxes because

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Bernini intended the chapel as a dramatic spectacle

Front 62

The painters Artemisia Gentileschi and Elisabetta Sirani were both

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profoundly influenced by the style of Caravaggio.

Front 63

A feature of Baroque art whereby an artwork enters into an active relationship with the space surrounding it is called its

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invisible complement

Front 64

In The Calling of Saint Matthew, Caravaggio makes reference to Michelangelo’s Creation on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in

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Jesus’ gesture

Front 65

In his Spiritual Exercises, Ignatius Loyola called on Jesuits to develop all of their senses. For the Church, this call to the senses manifested itself in

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increasingly elaborate Church decoration

Front 66

The brand of faith that argues that the basis of belief in God is reason and logic, rather than revelation or tradition, is called

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deism

Front 67

The Church banished Galileo Galilei and banned his writings because of its opinion that his work

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contradicted certain passages in the Bible.

Front 68

The iconoclasm of the Dutch Reformed Church is reflected in its

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whitewashed, unornamented interiors

Front 69

Johann Sebastian Bach regularly composed liturgical music in the form of the cantata, which is

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a multi-movement work based in part on a familiar Lutheran hymn

Front 70

In keeping with the themes of Dutch vernacular painting, the work of Jan Vermeer is marked by all of the following

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detailed observation.

the theme of the domestic interior.

an interest in the portrayal of figures as individuals

Front 71

The person famous for discovering the “little animals” now called bacteria and protozoa was

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Front 72

The process of drawing general conclusions from observing particular examples is known as

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inductive reasoning.

Front 73

Paintings that depict scenes of people from everyday life are called

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genre scenes.

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The term Cartesian dualism refers to the

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distinction between mind and matter, the soul and the body.

Front 75

The vanitas paintings of Dutch artists are intended to

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remind viewers that the material world is not as long-lived as the spiritual.

Front 76

Dutch Baroque paintings can generally be distinguished from Italian Baroque paintings by their

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familiar, everyday subjects

Front 77

A(n) __________ is a contrapuntal work in which a musical theme is played by a series of musical lines until all play at once

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fugue

Front 78

Of all the artists of his era, Rembrandt van Rijn was the most interested in

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self-portraiture.

Front 79

The strong contrast of values in The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (The Night Watch) illustrates Rembrandt's

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use of light to animate figures.

Front 80

The French gardens at Versailles are noted for their

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geometrical layout

Front 81

Why has the era of Louis XIV's reign come to be known as the Age of Absolutism?

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Louis was a strong monarch who exerted power based on divine right.

Front 82

Why is Velázquez's Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) considered such a complex painting?

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Its competing focal points

Front 83

Peter Paul Rubens's Garden of Love exhibits the Baroque style in its

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exuberant brushwork and composition.

Front 84

The most popular dance form of the age was an elegant, triple-time dance of moderate tempo, the

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minuet

Front 85

Absolutism is expressed in all of the following ways:

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ostentatious regal splendor.

strong centralized government.

the divine right of kings.

Front 86

Feeling unsafe in Paris, Louis XIV

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constructed a new, lavish palace at Versailles.

Front 87

The Scientific Revolution was the product of

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empirical reasoning

Front 88

As seen in his Landscape with St. Matthew and the Angel, Nicolas Poussin can be called a Classicist chiefly because

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his painting technique is controlled and refined.

Front 89

According to Poussin, what should be a painting's subject matter?

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Classical mythology or Christian tradition

Front 90

The seventeenth century is often referred to as Spain’s “Golden Age” because of the

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outpouring of Spanish arts and letters

Front 91

The Comédie Française is

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the French national theater

Front 92

Why was the Great Fire advantageous to London?

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It allowed the city's center to be modernized.

Front 93

William Hogarth, Jonathan Swift, and Alexander Pope shared the belief that

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satire is an effective means of promoting social change

Front 94

Handel likely stopped composing Italian operas and began writing English oratorios because

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stage productions of biblical stories were banned.

Front 95

According to Isaac Newton, why does the universe function harmoniously and orderly?

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The sun and planets exert gravitational pulls

Front 96

John Locke claimed that at birth, the human mind is a tabula rasa, or “blank slate,” and that therefore human beings

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can grow to become reasonable people

Front 97

Why did Alexander Pope use heroic couplets for his discourse on ethics, An Essay on Man?

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To reflect classical balance and harmony

Front 98

A fundamental principle of Enlightenment thought is that

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social change and political reform are desirable and possible.

Front 99

The effectiveness of William Hogarth’s satiric prints relies upon his skills in caricature, which is

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portraiture that exaggerates peculiarities or defects.

Front 100

What did William Hogarth aim to show with his caricatures of English society?

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Moral bankruptcy

Front 101

An oratorio differs from an opera in its lack of

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costumes.

Front 102

John Locke’s ideas about society influenced what social development?

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liberalism

Front 103

Why did Hobbes believe that most people willingly accepted a social contract?

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To control their instincts and to achieve peace

Front 104

Thomas Hobbes argued that humankind’s only hope lay in accepting the social contract, whereby people

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relinquish sovereignty over themselves and bestow it on a ruler.

Front 105

The __________ of Saint Paul’s is most specifically inspired by the architecture of the Renaissance.

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dome

Front 106

Rococo music was characterized by

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a delicate and light sound written for the harpsichord.

Front 107

When Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert edited the Encyclopédie (1751−1772), their intention was to

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promote Enlightenment ideas to change the general way of thinking

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By the term “noble savage,” Jean-Jacques Rousseau meant that

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humans were naturally good and were only corrupted by society.

Front 109

All of the following are true of Deists:

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scoff at the idea of the divine right of kings.

believe that the universe proceeds along laws derived from nature.

believe that God created the universe, but do not believe he interferes with its day-to-day workings.

Front 110

Terms such as allegro and lento are indications in musical scores to show

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pace

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All of the following are true of the Rococo style in painting:

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the color range emphasizes pastels, gold, and silver.

compositions are generally asymmetrical.

its subject matter typically emphasizes love and pleasure.

Front 112

The third movement of Joseph Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 is remarkable for its

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complex changes of dynamic, loudness, and theme

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Opera buffa differs from opera seria in its inclusion of

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everyday people for its characters

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As the eighteenth century progressed, the salons of Paris became

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centers of French culture.

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The painter Jean-Antoine Watteau is a notable exponent of the Rococo style, best known for his paintings of fêtes-galantes, which are

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parties enjoyed in a pastoral or garden setting.

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The favored form for third movements was the

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minuet-and-trio

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The gesture of Cupid's gesture on the left-hand side of Fragonard's The Swing

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signifies the secret love affair between the girl on the swing and her lover in the bushes

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The philosophes who dominated the intellectual life of the French Enlightenment emphasized

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reason and rationality

Front 119

Invented around 1720, the ________ became the favored solo instrument at the heart of the symphony orchestra.

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pianoforte

Front 120

The primary vehicle of Classical music was the

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symphonic orchestra

Front 121

The Estates General that King Louis XVI was forced to convene on May 5, 1789, was comprised of representatives of the

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clergy, nobility, bourgeoisie, and peasants

Front 122

The following are true of Jacques-Louis David’s painting The Oath of the Horatii

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Although it is Neoclassical in style, there are elements of Baroque influence as well.

Its ancient Roman subject is drawn from the work of Corneille.

Its message is that sacrifice is the price for citizenship.

Front 123

Angelica Kauffmann’s Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures, while carrying the weight and force of historical narrative, also

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extols the virtues of motherhood

Front 124

Jacques-Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard, showing Napoleon leading his army on a white charger, is an example of art used as propaganda because Napoleon in fact

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crossed with his rear guard, mounted on a mule.

Front 125

The three classes of society comprised of clergy, nobility, and bourgeoisie, together less than 10 percent of the population, owned what percent of the land in France in 1789?

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65 percent

Front 126

Republican government in France ended in 1799 when

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Napoleon Bonaparte took power in a coup d’etat

Front 127

Jean-Paul Marat was assassinated in his bath by

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Charlotte Corday, a royalist.

Front 128

When the German philosopher Immanuel Kant declared the motto of the Enlightenment to be, “Have the courage to use your own understanding,” what did he want his reader to understand?

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Given freedom, enlightenment is almost inevitable

Front 129

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?

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Mary Wollstonecraft

Front 130

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres’s Napoleon on His Imperial Throne combined themes from the lives of which great figures?

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Charlemagne and Charles V

Front 131

Jacques-Louis David illustrates Brutus’ division from his family by his

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empty chair at the table

Front 132

(Jacques-Louis David’s The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons )This painting can be understood as a counterpart to Jacques-Louis David’s earlier Oath of the Horatii because this painting

Back 132

has some formal similarities that have been inverted in order to focus on the high personal cost of patriotic sacrifice

Front 133

The style of art known as Neoclassicism, or “new classicism,” demands all of the following:

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proportion.

balance.

order.

Front 134

A major motivation for the revolutions in both America and France was

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economic

Front 135

Although the French and the American revolutions differed in many ways, both

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looked to classical antiquity for models on which to build a new society.