Ihi Reproductive Tract Diseases

Front 1

call-exner body

Back 1

granulosa cells arranged haphazardly around a space containing eosinophilic fluid, characteristic of granulosa cell tumors

Front 2

chocolate cyst

Back 2

occurs in the ovaries when endometrial tissue is present, the chocolate color is the result of the cyclic menstrual bleeding

Front 3

deciduas

Back 3

term used for endometrial tissue during pregnancy, it forms the maternal side of the placenta under the influence of progesterone

Front 4

dysmenorrheal

Back 4

severe pain on menstruation

Front 5

dyspareunia

Back 5

difficult or painful sexual intercourse

Front 6

hematocolpos

Back 6

blood filled vagina

Front 7

hematometra

Back 7

blood filled uterus

Front 8

hematosalpinx

Back 8

blood filled fallopian tube

Front 9

hydrosalpinx

Back 9

fluid filled fallopian tube, usually due to distally blocked tube, most common cause is PID as a result of an ascending infection by chlamydia or gonorrhea

Front 10

hyperthecosis

Back 10

nests of lutenized theca cells in the ovarian stroma due to differentiation fo the ovarian interstitial cells into steroidogenically active lutenized stromal cells, severe hirsutism, virilzation

Front 11

koliocytosis

Back 11

prescence of binucleated squamous cells with a perinuclear halo; associated with a condyloma acuninata (HPV)

Front 12

kraurosis valvae

Back 12

narrowing of the introitus

Front 13

Krukenberg tumor

Back 13

secondary ovarian malignancy whose primary tumor site arose in the GI tract, often bilateral, charcterized by mucin secreting signet ring cells in the ovary

Front 14

leucorrhea

Back 14

thick whiteish vaginal discharge resulting from an inflammatory process or congestion of the vaginal mucosa, can be caused by an estrogen imbalance or a symptom of endometrial glandular epithelial tumors

Front 15

Meigs' syndrome

Back 15

triad of benign ovarian tumor, ascites, and right sided pleural effusion, the ovarian tumor may be a fibroma, thecoma, cystadeoma, or granulosa cell tumor

Front 16

menorrhagia

Back 16

abnormally heavy or extended menstrual flow

Front 17

metrorrhagia

Back 17

bleeding in premonopausal women, often referred to as spotting

Front 18

psammoma bodies

Back 18

calcifications commonly seen in and characteristic of ovarian serous tumors, do not imply benign or malignant

Front 19

pyometra

Back 19

pus accumulation in the endometrial cavity

Front 20

pyosalpinx

Back 20

a build up of pus within the fallopian tube, usually the result of untreated salpingitis from a precedign cervicitis, most commonly - gonorrhea and chlamydia

Front 21

reinke crystalloids

Back 21

Seen in Testicular Leydig Cell tumors, they are rod-shaped crystal-like structures with pointed or rounded ends present in the interstitial cells of the testes (Leydig Cells).

Front 22

Schiller-Duval body

Back 22

Papillary structures projecting into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, they are pathognomonic for endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and are present in approx. 50% of this type of tumor. May contain eosinophilic hyaline-like globules both inside and outside the cytoplasm that contain AFP and Alpha 1-antitrypsin.

Front 23

urethral caruncle

Back 23

a painful polypoid nodule of granulation tissue occurring at the urethral meatus secondary to epithelial atrophy; regresses rapidly with topical estrogen treatment

Front 24

development the internal genitalia is driven by the_____

Back 24

karyotype of the developing embryo

Front 25

the wolffian ducts form the______

Back 25

epididymis, vas deferns, and seminal vesicles

Front 26

the mullerian ducts form the ____

Back 26

fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina

Front 27

development of external genitalia is driven by ____

Back 27

hormones

Front 28

FSH promotes ____

Back 28

testicular spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle development and induces secretion of inhibin

Front 29

LH promotes ____ production

Back 29

androgen

Front 30

gartner cyst duct

Back 30

arises from remnant of the generated wolffian duct and occurs in the cervix and anterolateral vaginal wall submucosa

Front 31

imperforate hymen

Back 31

presents in puberty with no menstration, may be accompanied by hematocolpos, hematometra, and hematosalpinx

Front 32

hypospadias and epispadias

Back 32

produce partial urinary obstruction predisposing the patient to UTIs and are often associated with other genitourinary malformations such as crytorchidism and bladder exstrophy

Front 33

cryptorchidism

Back 33

failure of tesitis to descend into the scrotum and tends to be unilateral

Front 34

phimosis

Back 34

inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis, due to abnormally small preputial opening resulting form abnormal developmen of balanoposthis

Front 35

paraphimosis

Back 35

inability to replace the foreskin after retraction, generally due to constriction and swelling of the glans

Front 36

vaginal adenosis

Back 36

represents failure of glandular regression during fetal development, often precedes clear cell carcinoma

Front 37

vulvar granular tumors

Back 37

derived from Schwann cells, composed of large cells with prominent granular cytoplasm. Most are small and benign but they can induce a pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying skin and histologically can closely resemble SCC

Front 38

Hiradenoma papilliferum

Back 38

another benign tumor derived from apocrine sweat glands on or between labia that can be mistaken for SCC histologically, but actually has 2 distinct cell layers.

Front 39

extramammary Paget disease

Back 39

presents as a red, crusted, well-demarcated lesion, usually on the labia majora in women who have a history of chronic pruritus and irritation, Unlike Paget disease of the breast, underlying adenocarcinoma is uncommon. Intraepithelial neoplasia may persist for years without lateral spread or invasion, but the prognosis is poor once it happens

Front 40

condyloma acuminata

Back 40

venereal warts caused by HPV 6 and 11 (both are sexually transmitted low-risk strains). They are most frequently seen on the cutaneous surfaces of the perineal and parianal skin and may also affect the vagina, cervix, and other mucosal surfaces. The verrucous condylomata show hyperkeratosis, perakeratosis, acanthosis, and koilocytosis of the epidermis

Front 41

balantitis

Back 41

inflammation of glans penis

Front 42

posthitis

Back 42

inflammation of the inner surface of the prepuce

Front 43

balanoposthitis

Back 43

due to poor hygiene and infection by pyogenic bacteria, phimosis is often a contributing factor

Front 44

lichen sclerosis et atrophicus (atrophic dystrophy)

Back 44

characterized by epithelial atrophy with loss of rete reidges overlying a hypocellular “collagenized” upper dermis and a band-like lymphocyte infiltrate. This disorder of probable autoimmune origin occurs primarily in the perivaginal, periclitoral, and perianal skin. Without treatment, kraurosis valvae may occur.

Front 45

lichen simplex chronicus (hypertrophic dystrophy)

Back 45

shows hyperkeratosis and acanthosis of the epidermis with a variable lymphocytic infiltration of the dermis, often representing a non-specific reaction pattern to chronic pruritis. If cytologic atypia occurs, the diagnosis moves into the realm of VIN.

Front 46

causes of acute cervicitis

Back 46

gonorrhea and chlaymidia, Gonorrhea is more commonly identified even though Chlamydia may be the more common etiologic agent. Post-partum, post-abortion, and post-trauma states allow for other opportunistic organisms to infect the area and spread via lymphatics, causing a less purulent exudation than Gonorrhea, which spreads over the mucosal surface. Acute cervicitis can lead to bacteremia, peritonitis, and/or bowel adhesions.

Front 47

causes of chronic cervicitis

Back 47

due to nonspecific lymphocytic infiltrates, is present is nearly all women. It appears as reddened granular cervical mucosa and may develop lymphoid follicles if severe (follicular cervicitis). Stenosis and obstruction of endocervical glands can result in Nabothian cysts, which give the endocervical canal a pebbly appearance.

Front 48

what are some cervical SCC evaulations?

Back 48

Pap smear, Schiller test, colposcopy

Front 49

what are the potential causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

Back 49

anovulatory cycle, inadequate luteal phase, irregular shedding

Front 50

acute endometritis

Back 50

uncommon, generally occurs in post-abortion or post-partum states when there have been retained fetal or placental parts. Microabscesses or neutrophilic destruction is present, and pyometra may occur if there is some obstruction of the endocervical canal

Front 51

chronic endometritis

Back 51

post-abortion or post-partum states or in association with IUDs, but 15% don’t have an identifiable underlying cause. Patients present with pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and/or infertility; exam shows the presence of plasma cells in the endometrial stroma

Front 52

adenomyosis

Back 52

the presence of endometrial tissue in the myometrium due to an abnormal downgrowth. This tissue isn’t responsive to cyclic hormonal changes, but can cause myometrial hypertrophy and uterine enlargement if extensive. Patients present with menorrhagia, menstrual cramps, or dyspareunia

Front 53

endometriosis

Back 53

presence of benign, potentially functional endometrial tissue outside of the uterus, commonly involving the ovaries, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum, and pelvic peritoneum. It can occur anywhere however and is a significant cause of infertility and pain in patients.

Front 54

predisposing factors for endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma

Back 54

nulliparity, age, obesity, diabetes, history of infertility and anovulatory cycles.

Front 55

do leiomyosarcomas arise from existing leiomyomas?

Back 55

no