Ifr - Quiz

Front 1

2. Under what conditions can you descend below the MDA or DH?

Back 1

Save the exceptions, if visibility is not below minimums, if you see one of the 10 things in 91.175 § (c) 3. items 1-3

● Approach light system (can't come down if no visual with red side bars);
● The threshold;
● The threshold markings;
● The threshold lights;
● The runway;
● The runway markings;
● The runway lights;
● VASI;
● TDZ;
● TDZ markings;
● TDZ Lights;

Front 2

3. What are the landing conditions that determine landing minimums?

Back 2

category of a/c, whether circling approach or not, whether LDA or ILS (for precision), whether ALS is available or not -- see minimums sections of approach plates.

Front 3

4. What conditions constitute a circling approach?

Back 3

if the approach is > 30 off from mag direction of runway, or if descent gradient is high, or if a landing on a runway other than that of the approach is desired. note need for higher minimums. also note potential restrictions; no circling NE of airport, for example. also note protected areas for circling, depending upon a/c speed.

Front 4

5. What is the primary difference between a precision and non-precision approach

Back 4

a glide slope of sufficient accuracy, airport lighting and markings, and sufficiently accurate lateral navigation.

Front 5

6. What are the standard alternate minimums

Back 5

for helicopters, at eta, 200 feet above minimums and one statue mile, but not below the minimum vis for the approach to be flown. note that this is not what is used as a basis for alt mins published on the airport chart.

Front 6

7. What are the standard takeoff minimums?

Back 6

there are none for part 91, but parts 121, 125, 129, and 135 use 1/2 mile (91.173)

Front 7

*8. How do you tell if the airport has standard or non-standard t/o or alternate mins?

Back 7

if naco, there are the black triangles with A or T in the top part of the plates. On jepp plates, look on the plate with the airport to see specifications. they will be listed at the bottom of the plate.

Front 8

9. Name the components of an ILS:

Back 8

ils, localizer, marker beacons, glide slope (see specs).

Front 9

10. what is a compass locator?

Back 9

a low-power ndb with a 15 nm range that can be situated at an outer marker or middle marker. identification for an OM is the first two letters of the localizer (minus the I), and the MM (if present) is the second two. the localizer for KCCR is ICCR, so the OM is CC. If there were a MM, it would be CR.

Front 10

11. What is a marker beacon?

Back 10

A beacon with a service volume of 4200' by 2400' that notifies a pilot visually and aurally when the airspace is entered. Used for OM, MM, and IM: blue light with dashes of morse for OM, amber with dot-dash repetitions for MM, and white light with dot-dot for IM. Antennae is the long fin at the base of the a/c.

Front 11

12. What are the colors, sounds, distances, from MAP, and normal altitudes for the following:

Back 11

OM - dashes, blue, middle pitch, 4-7 nm, about 1000-1400 feet
MM - dot-dash, amber, higher pitch, approx 3500 feet, 200 feet
IM - dots, white, highest pitch, approx 1000 feet, 50 feet
LOM - see OM
LMM - see MM

Front 12

13. What are the conditions for a Contact Approach?

Back 12

Vis 1 sm w/a reasonable expectation of being able to maintain that to the surface. Clear of clouds. Must be requested from tower -- they will not assign it.

Front 13

14. What are the conditions for a visual approach?

Back 13

Basic VFR, must fly clear of clouds (no other distance from clouds are required), and must have airport or preceding aircraft in sight. Can be assigned by ATC (and, like all clearances, can be refused).

Front 14

15. How is an a/c approach category determined

Back 14

1.3 times the aircraft stall speed when at max gross weight. (See Jepp glossary p. 2)

Front 15

16a. What is an ASR?

Back 15

airport surveillance radar - radar service that can be used for a/c guidance, OM substitution. ATC will provide lateral guidance with suggested altitudes and fix locations.

Front 16

16b. What is a PAR?

Back 16

precision approach radar - military radar that can provide a/c guidance and slope information. Can substitute for OM and MM.

Front 17

16c. What does "No-gyro approach" means?

Back 17

will result in ATC guidance indicating "turn left. stop. turn right." etc. outside of FAF, make standard rate turns. inside FAF, make 1/2 standard rate.

Front 18

17. What does VOR-A on the approach plate mean?

Back 18

the course is more than 30 degrees off of the runway centerline.

Front 19

18. Name three situations when the use of a procedure turn would not be authorized.

Back 19

(1) When "NoPT" is indicated on the approach plate,

(2) if being radar vectored,

(3) if timed approaches from a fix are in use.

Front 20

19. Define a step-down fix.

Back 20

A location at which an A/C can descend to a specific altitude. DME may be required.

Front 21

20. Does an aircraft on an instrument approach in VFR conditions have the right of way over other VFR aircraft?

Back 21

No, but a/c on an instrument approach is being monitored by ATC. The pilot maintains see-and-avoid responsibility, and ATC may vector a/c on an approach out of the way for traffic.

Front 22

21. Is it recommended that the aural signal of the marker beacon system be monitored while on approach?

Back 22

Yes, please. Helpful if the light isn't working properly, and it's a good use of redundancy with a different sensory system.

Front 23

22. Where is the missed approach executed on a precision approach?

Back 23

When the a/c on the glide slope reaches DH. Note also time as a backup. Non-precision? When a/c reaches the MDA and time is reached (and distance if DME is given).

Front 24

23. When reporting a missed approach, what procedure do you follow, and what information do you give?

Back 24

Execute missed approach (pitch, power, performance/5 T's) following published procedure or clearance given, and report "Helicopter 12345 executing missed approach" to tower. If passed to approach control, report "Helicopter 12345, 700 climbing 1500, executing missed." I usually add the approach specification.

Front 25

24. Name two situations where you would use an ILS as a non-precision approach:

Back 25

(1) If the glide slope is not available, or the receiver isn't picking it up;

(2) On a back course.

Front 26

25. Explain how to use the inoperative components table:

Back 26

See if any components are inoperative and note any adjusted minimums. Inoperative glide slope will require alternate mins; decommissioned MM won't (for example).

Front 27

*26. What is the time period and what weather conditions must prevail at your destination in relation to your ETA to not name an alternate?

Back 27

At the ETA, ceilings must be the higher of 1000 feet AGL or 400 feet above the lowest applicable minimum [of the chosen approach], and visibility must be two miles. If that is the case, an alternate is not necessary. Note that approach must be available.

Front 28

27. Is it possible to file an airport as an alternate if it does not have an IAP?

Back 28

Yes, if VFR conditions are forcast for that area.

Front 29

28. What are the requirements to remain current as an instrument pilot?

Back 29

Other than other currency issues (medical, passengers, night, checkride/bfr), the pilot must have executed 6 instrument approaches, holds, interception and tracking within the last 6 months to act as PIC (can be in a sim). If they haven't been executed, the pilot must execute them with a safety pilot within the next 6 months, but they can't fly in IMC. If that doesn't happen, the pilot will to go through an instrument proficiency check with a CFII, company check pilot, FAA examiner, military check guy for military types, or other person assigned by the Administrator.

Front 30

*29. What is the procedure for timing the outbound leg of a holding pattern at a VOR, NDB, and intersection?

Back 30

Uh, head outbound for a minute (teardrop or parallel), and then turn inbound? If a direct entry, start timing once wings are level passing the fix outbound [or VOR flip].

Front 31

30. What is the procedure for adjusting the time when the inbound leg is long or short?

Back 31

Correct by the number of seconds that the leg is long or short; add or subtract accordingly.

Front 32

31. How do you correct for wind drift in a holding pattern?

Back 32

Take wind correction for the inbound leg and apply times 3 for the outbound. Or take outbound leg and divide by 3 for inbound. Make sure to apply to the proper direction.

Front 33

*32. Explain the timing for the initial leg of an instrument approach.

Back 33

Set your speed and determine the wind correction angle to be applied for later legs, if the direction isn't too different on final.

Front 34

33. When the approach facility is on the field, where is the missed approach executed?

Back 34

Upon passing the navaid - when the to/from indicator flips. Note: this is not for localizer/LDA/SDF approaches.

Front 35

*34. What is the maxmum holding speed for recips and when are you expected to reduce speed

Back 35

Reduce speed 3 minutes before entering the hold, no faster than 200 kts.

Front 36

35. Explain the three holding pattern entry procedures and what determines each one: parallel, tear drop, direct, based upon entry direction (see graphic).

Back 36

(see graphic).

Front 37

36. Name 5 procedures to check the VOR:

Back 37

VOT facility (4 degrees), ground-based checkpoint (4 degrees), air-based checkpoint (6 degrees), dual VORs (4 degrees), own checkpoint from chart preferably 20 nm or more from the facility (6 degrees). Note date, error, place, and signature in log.

Front 38

37. How often does the VOR have to be checked for IFR flight?

Back 38

Every 30 days.

Front 39

*39. What is the maximum allowable DG precession error for IFR flight?

Back 39

5 degrees in 15 minutes? 3 degrees is referenced in the oral exam guide...

Front 40

40. When using the VOT, name three ways you are checking the VOR:

Back 40

radial with CDI deflection, ambiguity indicator, Morse code.

Front 41

41. How often does the pitot-static system have to be checked for IFR flight?

Back 41

Every 24 months.

Front 42

42. What are the instruments required for IFR flight?

Back 42

SOFATACOS plus life jackets/signal device, PALIS for night, MARCO, GRABCARD, whatever else is required by the manufacturer.

Front 43

43. Where does Class B airspace start?

Back 43

On the ground. Usually an upside down wedding cake from the surface to 10,000 feet.

Front 44

44. What is required to fly in Class B airspace?

Back 44

A mode C transponder, a VOR indicator for IFR flight, a clearance.

Front 45

45. Name the five views of the instrument approach plate:

Back 45

(1). header;
(2). briefing strip;
(3). plan view;
(4). profile view;
(5). Airport Diagram;
(6). minimums.

Front 46

46. In what view is the initial approach data found?

Back 46

Briefing Strip.

Front 47

47. What is a minimum safe/sector altitude circle and where is it found on the approach plate?

Back 47

Upper right, gives 1000 feet of obstacle clearance w/in 25 nm radius (may be greater -- will be indicated). noted as min sector altitude if there are sectors, and MSA (min safe altitude) if the alt is the same for the entire region. Emergency use only.

Front 48

48. In what view is the TDZE found?

Back 48

Header, Airport Diagram, profile view.

Front 49

49. What are the only two AGL altitudes on the approach plate?

Back 49

HAA, HAT

Front 50

50. What are the minimum safe altitudes for IFR operations in mountainous and non-mountainous terrain?

Back 50

2000 feet above and 1000 feet above highest obstacle within 4nm of the course to be flown, respectively.

Front 51

51. How many degrees does "one dot" represent on a VOR approach?

Back 51

2½

Front 52

52. Explain the "sensing" (normal or reverse) on the ILS front and back course, inbound and outbound?

Back 52

HSI: dial in front course regardless. CDI: dial in front course if inbound on front or outbound on back. Dial in back course if inbound on back or outbound on front. If DG on HSI fails, treat it like a CDI.

Front 53

53. What are the dimensions of the federal airways and jet airways?

Back 53

4nm each side, 8nm wide, but if longer than 102nm between stations, additional width due to 4.5 angle from navaids.

Front 54

54. What is the difference between primary and secondary radar systems?

Back 54

Primary radar displays a return for the a/c on the radar screen. Subject to reflectivity problems, ground clutter, bending of pulses from temp inversions, and precipitation interference. Secondary radar uses interrogator (on radar antenna), transponder, and decoder at radar facility -- stronger returns plus a/c info on display.

Front 55

55. What is the purpose of the ident button?

Back 55

To cause the return to blossom for id on radar

Front 56

*56. What symbol indicates a sector discrete freq and where would it be found on a chart?

Back 56

FSS freqs?

Front 57

57. How is the availability of an ILS depicted on a low altitude chart?

Back 57

Feather may be there -- not guaranteed. Check approach plates for the airport to be sure.

Front 58

58. What is the significance of a large ILS feather at an airport?

Back 58

Indicates the localizer provides navigation function.

Front 59

59. What is an area chart and how do you know if there is one for a particular area?

Back 59

A blow-up of a low-altitude chart, akin to a terminal. Look at airport listing on low altitude chart -- it will indicate the area chart if the airport is present on it.

Front 60

60. Is the use of an area chart required when operating in an area contained in one?

Back 60

No, but blowup is useful if in crowded area, by class B, etc.

Front 61

61. Where are the airport and approach control frequencies found on the chart?

Back 61

See airport list and freqs by airport location.

Front 62

62. How often are charts and approach plates revised?

Back 62

Every 56 days; see 28 day updates for jepp and notam changes.

Front 63

63. How can you tell if an approach plate is current?

Back 63

Check duat approach plate for amendment number; verify frequencies; check notams.

Front 64

64. Explain lost comm procedures wrt altitudes, climbs, descents, holds.

Back 64

After troubleshoot, if VFR, go VFR. If not, use highest of alt in clearance or EFC or MEA - climb to EFC alt at the time or fix given in the clearance.. use route in clearance or EFC or filed. if vectored, go direct to fix, route, airway. if clearance limit is IAF, you have EFC time, wait until time and then proceed. if no EFC time, hold until eta and proceed. if clearance limit is not an IAF, wait until EFC or ETA and then proceed to IAF. proceed from there.

Front 65

65. If after losing comm you are forced to execute a missed approach at your destination, what would your next action be?

Back 65

context, please. if a landing seems likely, try again. if not, proceed to alternate. this scenario is

Front 66

66. what is the sequence of a non-radar sequence report?

Back 66

pattern: a/c id, position, time (z), altitude, eta for next point, following point.

Front 67

67. Explain how to correct for wind when tracking to and from and NDB.

Back 67

if needle is drifting off, try 20 correction. find correction angle and apply so needle no longer drifts.

Front 68

68. Describe "cruise clearance."

Back 68

cruise in block of airspace between min ifr altitude and given altitude. also allows for approach at destination. once announced beginning descent, cannot go back up to the vacated altitude.

Front 69

69. Describe the following systems: (not listed here)

Back 69

(not listed here)

Front 70

70. Describe operating principles:

Back 70

(not listed here)

Front 71

71. Name all antennas on 300cb:

Back 71

vor, transponder fin, marker beacon fin, vhf wire, gps, glide slope.

Front 72

72. What documents are required to be on board the aircraft for IFR flight?

Back 72

AROW, placards and limitations as per manufacturer, pilots' flight manual, pilot license/medical/id, approach/dp/star/charts and plates (at least descriptions).

Front 73

73. How do you determine if the a/c is current for IFR flight?

Back 73

1200 hr/annual, 600 hour, 100 hour, 50 hour, ad compliance, sb compliance, vor test, gps database update, maintenance on specific parts of the a/c -- lifetime. note mels.

Front 74

74. Describe anti-ice and de-icing equipment

Back 74

heaters in pitot and parts (blades, for canopy, etc), deice goo, expandable boots (for fixed wings).

Front 75

75. If no alternate static source is available, what action can the pilot take

Back 75

crack vsi glass.

Front 76

76. Describe the effects of pitot-static system blockages.

Back 76

If pitot blocked, drain hole open, a/s goes to zero.
If pitot and drain blocked, a/s acts like inaccurate altimeter.
If static blocked, vsi goes to 0, alt freezes, a/s acts like the opposite of an altimeter.
If static and pitot and drain freeze, a/s freezes.
If vsi is cracked or alt static used, a/s will be high (7 kts?) and alt will be high (70 feet?) because of reduced air pressure in static line.

Front 77

77. When heading west and instructed to turn south, what does the mag compass read when the nose of the a/c passes through south?

Back 77

For a whiskey compass, it would read 32 degrees or so beyond south -- 148 degrees or so. The error is less for vertical card compasses.

Front 78

78. How does the plot determine if a VOR is down for maintenance

Back 78

notams, no morse or test code: -. ...

Front 79

79. What is the standard glide slope angle?

Back 79

3 degrees.

Front 80

80. What is frequency pairing?

Back 80

Only need to dial in one freq to get functionality: LOC/GS for example.

Front 81

81. Weather reports.

Back 81

See other flashcards study stack.

Front 82

82. What is wind shear?

Back 82

A sudden change in wind speed and/or direction over a short distance. Can be horizontal or vertical.

Front 83

83. What is turbulence and how is it classified?

Back 83

Irregular motion of air, over a surface or against another current of air. light/mod/severe/extreme chop.

Front 84

84. What are the stages of a TS?

Back 84

cumulus, mature, dissipating.

Front 85

85. What is a temperature inversion?

Back 85

A layer of warmer air over cooler air, stabilizing the atmosphere.

Front 86

86. How do you convert ft/nm to ft/min?

Back 86

See jepp table. Or do the math.

Front 87

87. What are the difference types of wx briefings available to pilots?

Back 87

outlook (more than 6 hours in advance of departure), standard (full briefing), abbreviated (listing info that may have changed since briefing, current conditions, any other requested info).

Front 88

88. what is a clearance limit?

Back 88

final point of given clearance; must get another clearance to proceed further if the limit is not the destination airport.

Front 89

89. What is a SID?

Back 89

A SID (standard instrument departure) is a procedure that a pilot follows to get from the airport into the enroute structure. They can be pilot nav or vector, and are devised to decrease chatter on airport frequencies, simplify departures, and allow pilots to follow procedures that allow obstacle clearance and efficient routing away from the airport. You must have a clearance from ATC to fly a SID, and you must have it with you in the aircraft. (Note the difference between SIDs and obstacle departures -- ob. dep's are for obstacle clearance and can be flown without a clearance from ATC.)

Front 90

89a. What is a STAR?

Back 90

A STAR (standard terminal arrival route) allows a pilot to get to the IAF for an approach from the enroute structure. Again, it's a printed procedure that must be in the a/c, and using these stars can simplify instructions for getting to an airport. They are often impractical for helicopters. If you don't want to use a star, indicate "NO STAR" in remarks section of the flight plan. You can say the same for DPs: "NO DP." But if you accept a star or dp, you must fly it.

Front 91

90. What are all the compulsory reporting points?

Back 91

points marked as such on charts, or points making up route followed. Pilots need to report at compulsory reporting points if not in a radar environment. Pilots need to report at points requested by ATC, when entering/exiting holds, when going missed, when noting unforecast weather, when there is an issue affecting safety of flight, when an instrument malfunctions (see 5-3-3 for list plus any other if it may impair safety), when changing altitude, when the pilot can't climb or descend at 500 ft/min or when the a/s varies by 10 kts or 5%. If not in the radar environment, pilots must also report when passing the FAF inbound, or if the ETA is off by 3 minutes.

Front 92

91. What are primary and secondary instruments?

Back 92

Primary instruments are ones that provide primary information for a specific procedure. The displays usually remain stable throughout the procedure. Secondary instruments also provide information, but the display may be moving over time. The three categories for primary/secondary scanning are pitch, bank, and power. Primary for S&L would be the altimeter, the DG, and the a/s indicator for pitch, bank, and power. The secondaries for pitch are the vsi and attitude indicator; for bank are the turn coordinator, compass, and attitude indicator; for power is the manifold pressure gauge.

Front 93

92. Talk about how is done a DME arc approach

Back 93

A DME arc allows a pilot to follow a curved path from an IAF on an approach to an IM. It is flown with a VOR indicator by passing over the IAF, heading 90 off of the direction to the DME facility (towards the arc), correcting for wind, and centering the CDI. When the CDI is off by 2-4 degrees and you've intercepted the arc, change direction by 10 degrees or so, following the curve of the arc, and go straight until you intercept the arc again. Continue in these straight segments around the arc.

Front 94

92. Cont.

Back 94

If using an RMI, fly until the RMI points slightly behind the 90 degree point (depending upon wind), and you've reached the correct distance. Alter course by 10 degrees or so, and let the RMI needle drift behind the 90 point again.

In both cases, continue until you reach the lead radials indicating time to turn inbound.

Front 95

93. What type of flight operations require an instrument rating?

Back 95

Flight in class A, flying in IMC in controlled airspace (for helicopters -- fixed wing have additional requirements), flying on IFR flight plan.

Front 96

94. What is an instrument competency check and when is it required?

Back 96

If a pilot has not performed the mandatory maneuvers in the past 6 months, or the following six months, the pilot must have an instrument competency check.

Front 97

95. What are the fuel requirements for IFR flight?

Back 97

Enough fuel to fly at cruise airspeed to the first airport of intended landing, fly to the alternate (if required), and fly afterwards for 30 minutes.

Front 98

96. What pre-flight action is required prior to IFR flight?

Back 98

Assembling all available information about the flight: wx, wx briefing, timing, fuel requirements, if an alternate is required, airport specs -- runway lengths/approaches/etc, atc delays, a/c preflight, etc.

Front 99

97. When is DME required?

Back 99

At and above FL240.

Front 100

98. What information must be entered in the VOR log after a VOR check?

Back 100

Signature, place, error, date.

Front 101

99. When is a transponder required?

Back 101

Mode C transponder is required above 10,000 feet, within class B airspace, within class C up to 10,000, within 30 nm of appendix D to part 91, section 1. (91.215)

Front 102

100. What portable electronic devices may be used on board during an IFR flight, and what must be done prior to their use?

Back 102

Can use pacemakers, hearing aids, shavers, others determined not to interfere with navigation or communication instruments. (91.21)

Front 103

101. What is a composite flight plan?

Back 103

One that has separate VFR and IFR components.

Front 104

102. What does VFR on top mean, when is it used, and what are the limitations?

Back 104

VFR on top allows a pilot to fly in VFR conditions on an IFR flight plan. The pilot can choose an appropriate VFR altitude and maintain VFR cloud clearance requirements, but must following IFR rules of minimums, reporting, etc., in addition to any other restrictions given by ATC. Can't be given in class A airspace.

Front 105

*103. What conditions must be met before ATC will approve random RNAV routes

Back 105

A/C must have appropriate equipment, wx must be appropriate, and traffic must permit the route.

Front 106

104. What are some factors that determine when direct routes are used?

Back 106

See 103 above.

Front 107

105. What are preferred IFR routes, and when are they used?

Back 107

They are preferred routes between airports and are used whenever possible. They are listed in the A/FD and the Jepp manual and can be requested from tower. They allow efficient routing between airports. And they may be assigned regardless of the request route.

Front 108

106. When flight planning, how can the pilot determine if the VOR's to be used will be accurate and usable at all altitudes and radials?

Back 108

Check the A/FD and notams to determine type (and therefore surface volume) as well as restrictions on range and radials. Also note if the VOR is monitored or not -- if not, it may not be working, and you may be the first to discover it.

Front 109

107. What effect do temperature and pressure have on the altimeter indications?

Back 109

If going from high to low or hot to cold, look out below. Cold temperatures cause pressure levels to be closer together, hot temperatures spread them apart; following an indicated altitude will cause you to fly lower to the ground. High pressure has raised pressure levels, low pressure has lowered. Same problem arises if an indicated altitude is followed without correction.

Front 110

108. What is the different between a turn coordinator and a turn and slip indicator

Back 110

A turn and slip indicator registers yaw of the a/c via precession. A turn coordinator can detect the bank that precedes the yaw and register the turn sooner.

Front 111

109. What are the flight levels and when are they used

Back 111

Flight levels are for 18,000 and above -- written FL180. Pilots flying at these altitudes put 29.92 into their altimeters to read pressure altitude instead of true altitude so they don't have to continually adjust their altimeters as they fly.

Front 112

110. What is Coriolis Force and how does it affect surface and winds aloft?

Back 112

It is the effect of the earth spinning below the winds and causes winds to be deflected to the right in the N. hemisphere. This counteracts the pull of low pressure zones and the push of high pressure zones -- the result is that, at higher altitudes, wind follows isobars. At lower altitudes, surface friction causes wind to cross the isobars.

Front 113

111. How does frost form, and what are its effects?

Back 113

Frost forms when the skin temp of an a/c is below freezing and water vapor is deposited on the surface as ice. It decreases lift and increases draft. All frost must be removed from an a/c prior to departure.

Front 114

112. What is the dewpoint, and why is it important?

Back 114

It's the temp the air must be to become saturated. The temp/dewpoint spread indicates possibility of visibility issues -- fog, clouds. When combined with freezing level info, it indicates areas of potential icing.