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249 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Assault |
A violent attack. He was charged with sexual assault. 37-yo male who suffered a severe traumatic brain injury from an assault two years earlier. A determined or serious attempt to do something difficult. Women's groups have determined a nationwide assault on sexism in the workplace. To carry a post by assault. Tan cong don |
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Decussate |
To cross in the form of an X, intersect. Adjective: in the form of an X, crossed, intersected. Decussation: su bat cheo. |
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Deem |
To consider or judge something in a particular way. +obj + noun/adj: The area has now been deemed safe. We will provide help whenever you deem it appropriate. + noun/ adj +obj + to infinitive. Anyone not paying the registration fee by 31 March will be deemed to have withdraw from the offer. Any courses that don't meet the criteria will be deemed ineligible. |
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Secretariat |
The office of people responsible for the management of an organization, especially an international or political one. The secretariat completes final checks on courses that all candidates have selected following the interview period. Ban thu ky |
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Diplomatic |
Involving diplomats or the management of the relationships between countries. Diplomatic negotiations. Diplomatic body: doan ngoai giao Diplomatic immunity: quyen dac mien ngoai giao. Diplomatic service: nganh ngoai giao. Oxford university diplomatic studies programme. Diplomatic academy of Vietnam: hoc vien ngoai giao VN. |
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Spontaneous |
Happening or done in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced. Since spontaneous remissions are common in rheumatoid arthritis, it is impossible to attribute them to any particular therapy. Spontaneous performance. Spontaneous affection. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. |
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Adaptive |
Able to adjust to suit different conditions. These governments don't possess the adaptive capacity to endure such changes. =flexible, Adaptive shortening of soft tissues to intermittent abnormal posturing of the foot and ankle associated with plantarflexor and/or invertor muscle overactivity during attempted movement |
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Dynamic |
C2. Continuously changing or developing. Business innovation is a dynamic process. The situation is dynamic and may change at any time. If untreated, persistent dynamic deformity can eventually result in fixed contracture. |
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Paucity |
= scarcity. Shortage, lack of sth. The fact that there is too little of something. There is a paucity of information on the ingredients of many cosmetics. The lack of a clear delineation between fixed contracture and dynamic deformity may partly account for the paucity of data describing the incidence of this reportedly common manifestation of acquired brain injury. |
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Flexibility |
Various criteria have been used to define ankle contracture, including the minimal range of dorsiflexion motion required for normal gait, loss of joint flexibility, which impairs function, and maximal passive dorsiflexion that is 2 standard deviations less than control values. |
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Span |
If a bridge spans a river, it goes from one side to the other. Adaptive shortening of the gastrocnemius muscle, which spans both knee and ankle joints, has particular influence on ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended. Noun: the period of time that something exists or happens. He has a short attention/ concentration span. An average lifespan of 70 years. Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country's economic prospects. Verb: his knowledge spans many different areas. His life spans nearly the whole century |
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Premature |
Happening or done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time. Biomechanical studies have suggested that at least 10 degree of dosiflexion is needed, with the knee extended, to avoid premature heel-off during gait |
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Former |
Of or in an earlier time, before the present time or in the past. His former wife, a former employer. Former president of the US. Former time. Thuo xua. Mr X, former Prime Minister. In the former study, ankle contracture was defined as functional loss of range. |
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Presence |
The fact that someone or something is in place. In the presence of someone: truoc mat ai. He's usually quite polite in my presence. The presence of contracture correlated with coma duration and muscle imbalance. However, 97% of patients with hemiparesis also had contractures affecting their nonparetic extremities, suggesting that other factor interacted with neurologic to result in loss of range. A group of police or soldiers who are watching or controlling a situation. A massive police presence at the meeting |
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Bedridden |
Bedrest The main contributors to the development of ankle contracture after acquired brain injury are altered muscle stiffness and extensibility. These conditions are secondary to disuse and adaptive soft tissue shortening that may occur during prolonged bedrest after injury. |
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Presume |
To believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain. After acquired brain injury, muscle overactivity may manifest in several ways. The best recognized of these is spasticity, where rapid muscle lengthening induces a contraction presumed to be due to hyperactive stretch reflexes. Over 30 years ago, Denny-Brown observed that abnormal muscle contraction could persist in the absence of movement and even continue after dorsal root section. This sustained, involuntary muscle contraction, which is not related to stretch input, has been termed dystonia or spastic dystonia. |
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Dystonia |
Dystonia is classically defined as "a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures" |
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Grotesque |
Strange and unpleasant, especially in a silly or slightly frightening way. By now she'd had so much cosmetic surgery that she looked quite grotesque. Dystonia is the most striking and grotesque of all neurological disorder. Denny-Brown 1960 |
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Treatable |
It is important to recognize dystonia. Treatable condition: 1 Botulinum neurotoxin. 2 deep brain stimulation. |
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Distinct |
Clearly noticeable, that certainly exists. There's a distinct smeel of cigarettes in here. As distinct from= rather than. She's a personal assistant, as distinct from a secretary. Dystonia has some distinct clinical features and a wide phenomenological spectrum. |
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Intermittent |
Not happening regularly or continuously, stopping and starting repeatedly or with periods in between. Intermittent rain. An intermittent noise. Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. |
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Tremulous |
Run A tremulous voice. Tremulous writing. Tremulous leaves: la rung rinh. Dystonia movements are typically patterned, twisting, and may be tremulous. |
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Overflow |
When a liquid overflows, it flows over the adges of a container, because there is too much of it. Because of heavy rain, the river may overflow its banks. When a place overflows, or people or things overflow from somewhere, some people or things have to come out because it can't contain them all. The bar was so full that people were overflowing into the street. His room is overflowing with books. The train was full to overflowing. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation |
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Temporal |
Temporal concept. Khai niem thoi gian Anatomy: temporal artery: dmthaiduong. Temporal pattern of dystonia. Disease course. Static Progressive |
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Diurnal |
Being active or happening during the day rather than at night. Diurnal activity. >< nocturnal. Variability of dystonia: Persistent: persists to approximately the same extent throughout the day. Action-specific: occurs only during a particular activity or task. Diurnal fluctuations: fluctuates during the day, with recognizable circadian variations in occurrence, severity and phenomenology. Paroxysmal. |
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Cumulative incidence |
Is calculated as the number of new events or cases of disease devided by the total number of individuals in the population at risk for specific time interval. Studies examining the incidence of a disease or disorder must be population specific. For instance, cumulative incidence quantifies the number of people in a defined population who become diseased during a specific period. |
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Predisposed |
Be predisposed to/ towards sth. To be more likely than other people to have a medical condition or to behave in a particular way. Researchers have discovered that the children of these patients are genetically predisposed to cancer. The president is predisposed towards negotiation and favours a peaceful way of resolving crisis. It's necessary to define a subset of population who are predisposed to developing the deformity because of the physical consequences of TBI and the associated restriction on mobility. Co khuynh huong, dan den |
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Category |
A grouping of people or things by type in any systematic arrangement. Mobility status at discharge: patients were divided into 1 of 4 categories according to their mobility status at discharge: 1 is bedridden (remains in bed or in a semireclined chair for most of the day), 2: wheelchair dependent( wheelchair for mobility, unable to ambulate more than 5m), 3: assisted ambulation (able to ambulate more than 5m but requires physical assistance and/or a walking aid), and 4: independently ambulant (able to ambulate more than 5m without physical assistance or walking aid) |
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Patients studied were participating in a daily intensive rehabilitation regimen. Those who developed contracture did so despite preventative measures such as prolonged weight-bearing stretch, motor re-education, and splinting to maintain soft tissue length. |
The amount of stretch required to prevent adaptive muscle shortening is not well defined in adult population with neurologic impairment. |
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Adaptive shortening |
Which results from a reduction in the number of sarcomeres in series, is thought to represent a compensation for the reduced resting muscle length, to optimize the overlap of contractile components. Changes secondary to disuse, including a relative increase in intramuscular connective tissue and the development of intramuscular and joint adhesions, potentially compound adaptive shortening, resulting in fixed contracture. |
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Intervene |
To intentionally become involves in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse. To intervene in a quarrel. Xen vao 1 cuoc cai co. To intervene in someone's affairs. Can thiep vao cong viec cua ai. To happen between two events, or to prevent something from happening by happening first. Many events intervened between the August Revolution and the 1954 Gevena conference. |
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Conversion |
The process of converting something from one thing to another. Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity. A process in which someone changes to a new religion or belief. Her conversion to Buddhism / Islam was a very gradual process. The effects of prehypertension on target organs to give proper intervention measures will reduce blood pressure and limit the rate of conversion into actual clinical hypertension and damaging complications to target organs. |
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Household |
A group of people, often a family, who live together. Household economy. Kinhte hogiadinh. Household budget. Ngansach giadinh. Household expenditure. Chitieu hogiadinh. Household registration. Ho khau |
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Sectional |
Sectional furniture. Do go lap ghep This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Nghien cuu mo ta cat ngang. |
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Pensioner |
A person who receive a pension, especially the government pension given to old people. Student and pensioners are entitled to a discount. My mother is a pensioner. Huu tri. An old-age pension. An old-age pensioner. Nguoi duoc huong tro cap duong lao. Retirement pension. Luong huu. |
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Marital |
Connected with marriage. Marital status. Tinhtrang honnhan Marital disharmony. Bat hoa vochong. |
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Consumption |
The amount used or eaten. Alcohol consumption |
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Vongbung |
Waist circumference |
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Violation of |
= infraction. An occasion when someone breaks a rule or law. Any attempt to influence the judges will be seen as an infraction of the rules. It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules. The study was conducted without violation of medical ethics in scientific research. |
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Sole |
= exclusive. Being one only, single. Apart from the sole purpose of serving science, this research didn't have any other purpose. |
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Commune |
The smallest unit of local government in some countries. Rural commune: xa. Rural district: huyen. Dai Nghia commune, Dai Loc district, Quang Nam province |
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Impose |
To officially force a rule, tax, punishment, to be obeyed or received. Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. Ap buoc The increase muscle activity, during imposed stretching, will contribute to an increase in resistance to passive movement. |
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Vicinity |
The area around a place or where the speaker is. There are several hotels in the immediate vicinity of the station. We could see that there were several open Wi-Fi network in the vicinity. Anyone who happened to be in the vicinity could have been injured or killed. In the vicinity of o xung quanh |
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Odds |
The probability (= how likely it is) that a particular thing will or will not happen. The overall odds of winning a lottery prize are 1 in 13. Chance, probability, likelihood, possibility. |
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Be at odds |
To disagree They're at odds over the funding of the project. Her version of events was at odds with (= very different from) the police report. Against (all) the odds / against all odds If you do or achieve something against (all) the odds/ against all odds, you do or achieve it although there were a lot of problems and you were not likely to succeed. Against all odds, he recovered. Bat chap moi su hiem ngheo/ bat loi/ nguy hiem |
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Panel |
A small grouo of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions. A panel of experts was formed to look into the causes of the fire. Panel of experts. Nhom chuyen vien chuyen gia. The panel of experts or reviewers. |
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Refinement |
The process of improving something. The refinement of sugar cane products sugar Also means the quality of politeness seen in someone's behavior. She grew up in a home environment of culture and refinement. Su tinh che, loc. Su tao nha. Thu doan. Refinement of cruelty. Thu doan tan ac tinh vi. Tool in the development and refinement of multi-item scales. |
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Panacea |
Something that will solve all problems. Technology is not a panacea for all our problems. Antibiotics are not panacea, they are meant to kill bacteria not viruses |
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Nonetheless |
However, still, yet. Despite what has just been said or done. There are serious problem in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return. Dispite being younger then the others, Nhan was nonetheless a valuable member of the team. Today, the paying of a dowry is illegal, but the practice continues nonetheless in some areas. Dowry. Cua hoi mon. |
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Foremost |
Most important or best, leading. This is one of the country's foremost arts centres. She's one of the foremost experts on child psychology. Despite the advances in the treatment of PSS, there are several gaps in PSS research and clinical practice, foremost of which is the relative deficiency of knowledge of the pathophysiology of PSS. |
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Vary |
Verb = alter, change Very adv. That its clinical presentation varies in terms of onset, severity, and regional distribution suggests that there may be more than one mechanism that underlies PSS |
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Deficiency |
A state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed. Pregnant women offen suffer from iron deficiency. Deficiencies in the education system have been much in the news. Lack of something. Foremost of which is the relative deficiency of knowledge of the pathophysiology of PSS. |
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Forecast |
Predict Prognosticate Prognosis To say what you expect to happen in the future |
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Evolution |
Darwin's theory of evolution. A gradual process of change and development. If the characteristics of PSS evolve during the course of recovery, then it might be possible that a particular treatment will be effective only during a certain phase of spasticity evolution. |
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Constraint |
Something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits. Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing new staff. To act under constraint. Hanhdong do epbuoc. To speak without constraint. Noi khong e de. An important question that needs to be answered is whether spasticity is a constraint on recovery, and would early intervention improve long-term outcomes? |
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Dearth |
Lack of. Paucity Scarcity Deficiency Shortage. A dearth of new homes in the region. There is a dearth of research on the comparative efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of various therapies, both pharmacological and nonpharmacologic. |
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Measure up against. |
To judge something by comparing it with something else. When we measure these sales figures against last year's, you can see in which regions we're doing well. With the introduction of newer BoNT, there are now three different type A and one type B toxins available in the US, but how these toxins measure up against each other is unknown. |
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Measure up |
To be good enough, or as good as someone or something else. I could never measure up to my mother's expectations. We compared the movie we made to some of the other students' films to see how it measure up. If new staff measure up after six months, they are offered a permanent contract. Unfortunately, the production quality didn't measure up to our expectations. |
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Disparate |
Different in every way. The two cultures were so utterly disparate that she found it hard to adapt from one to the other. In fact, a direct comparison between those with early versus late intervention and whether they show disparate effects after injection are yet be be made. |
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Preliminary |
Coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it. Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by further medical trials. We've decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings. |
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Plausible |
Seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed. A plausible explanation / excuse. A plausible person appears to be honest and telling the truth,even of they are not. A plausible salesman deo mieng. Reticulospinal hyperexcitability as a result of maladaptive plasticity, is the most plausible mechanism for poststroke spasticity. |
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Shameful |
Deserving blame, or being a reason for feeling ashamed. I couldn't see anything shameful in what I had done. The crime figures are shameful. My brother kept my shameful secret for years. I think it's shameful that patients wait 48 years to receive their therapy. |
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Arouse |
To cause someone to have a particular feeling. It's a subject that has aroused a lot of interest. Our suspicions were first aroused when we heard a muffed scream tieng thet bi bop nghet Not alert, but arousable by minor stimulation. Ko tinh nhung biet voi kich thich nhe |
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Homogeneous |
Consisting of parts or people that are similar to each other or are of the same type. A homogeneous group/ society. The population of the village has remained remarkably homogeneous. Noun: homogeneity. Cultural/ radical homogeneity. Heterogeneous. = different. With many ethnic groups represented, the student body is very heterogenous. Heterogeneity. The amount of heterogeneity and biodiversity in these environments is incredible. |
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Interpret |
To decide what the intended meaning of something is. It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained. It's important to note that when interpreting passive range of movement at the elbow a score of zero is indicative of full extension being possible and a score of greater than zero is indicative of a shortening in the flexors. To change what someone is saying into another language. We had to ask our guide to interpret for us. |
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Dinh luong |
Quantify Wrist flexor contractures were quantified by measuring the stiffness and passive range of movement of joint. |
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Variation |
Something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement. There are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system. Environmental variation. Bien di do ngoaicanh. Amplitude of variation. Do bien thien |
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In reverse |
In the opposite order or way. To stop the engine, you repeat the same procedures, but in reverse (order) |
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Reverse |
When the effects of botox on the neuromuscular junction were reversed, the risks of joints being held in flexed position would have incresed, particularly if the patients had not recovered useful arm function. |
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Reversal |
Noun. The act of changing or making something changes to its opposite. He demanded a reversal of the previous policy. This could explain the reversal in the rate of contracture formations after the six weeks window. |
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Hypothesize |
Verb We hypothesized that children of alcoholic fathers will demonstrate more behavioural problem. One could hypothesize that, for patients who have not recovered useful function, additional treatments or larger initial doses of toxin may be required. |
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Detrimental |
Causing harm or damage. Increasing the doses could lead to a more diffuse weakening effect which would potentially be detrimental to recovery. |
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Concomitant |
Further search is required to investigate these two options in stroke. A third option is to consider a range of concomitant treatments that might include splinting in addition to cyclical electrical stimulation and botox. |
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Worsen |
To become worse or to make something become worse. Deteriorate. Stroke triggers processes in the central nervous system aimed to promote poststroke recovery (adaptive plasticity). Some of these processes may not be beneficial or can even worsen primary neurological impairment (maladaptive plasticity), such as substantially negative impact of pss on manual dexterity, mobility, and ultimately harmful effects on the patient's healt-related quality of life. |
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Address |
A1. Specific place. C1. To give attention to or deal with a matter or problem. To address the main aim of the study. The issue of funding has yet to be addressed. C2. To write a name or address on an envelope or parcel. Baothu or buukien. . The parcel was wrongly addressed.So why did you open a letter that was addressed to me. So why did you open a letter that was addressed to me. |
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Speculate |
Guess. Conjecture We might speculate that in our group of severely affected poststroke patients, visual imagery may have prevailed over Kinesthetic imagery at baseline. Suy doan |
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Speculate |
Assume Presume |
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For several years, |
Botox treatment has been a recommended component of the complex therapy regiment for spasticity, therefore, non-treatment would have been unethical. |
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Disclose |
Dr Nhan has nothing to disclose/ declare |
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Unimpeded |
Adj. Not stopped, blocked, or prevented by anything. Not obstructed or hindered. From this position you can enjoy an unimpeded view of the waterfall. The new bike path allows bicycles to ride unimpeded through the city. 30-metre stretch of unimpeded walkway. |
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At will |
If you can do something at will, you can do it ant time you want. He can cry at will. Free as a bird |
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Disposition |
Natural mental and emotional outlook or mood, characteristic attitude. Personality: the visual aspect of one's character as it impresses others. Character: the aggregate of features and trials that form the individual nature of some person or thing. Deposition is similar of a person's temperament. |
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Offspring |
The young or an animal. A person's children. Nature dominates: families of reputation were much more likely than ordinary families to produce offspring of ability. |
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Judicious |
Wise and sensible Wisdom Clever Intelligent. Judicious marriages during several generations to produce a highly gifted race of men. |
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Expenditure |
Physical activity was defined as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure" |
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By way of |
As a type of. He sent me some flowers by way of apology. A LMN, the motor cell concerned with striated skeletal muscle activity, consists of a cell body (located in the anterior gray column of the spinal cord or brain stem) and its axon, which passes to the motor end-plates of the muscle by way of the peripheral or cranial nerves. |
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Striated |
Having long, thin lines, marks, or strips of colour. Striated skeletal muscle co van. |
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Tang cuong |
Empowering Strengthen Reinforce Intensify Enhance Reinforce |
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Seemingly |
Appearing to be something, especially when this is not true. Indeed, a seemingly acceptable definition today may not necessarily be acceptable tomorrow. |
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Derive |
Derive sth fron sth. To get something from somthing else. I derive great pleasure from studying medicine. To derive profit from/ derive pleasure from. Botulinum toxin derived from C botulinum. # drive |
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Indebted |
To be indebted to someone Mac no ai. I am greatly indebted to you for your kindness. Doi on long tot cua ong |
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Before long |
Soon. With a little exercise, you'll be back in shape before long. |
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Turmoil |
A state of confusion, uncertainty, or disorder The whole region is in turmoil. The country is in a state of political turmoil. My mind was in turmoil |
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Likewise |
In the same way. = similarly Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom. So the lower extremity motor index is the summation of the best motor power of the hip, knee and ankle, scoring from 0 to 15. If hip flexors graded score of 3 and hip extenxors graded 2 so they chose hip flexors in summation. And likewise (similarly) for knee and ankle. |
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Courageous |
Having or showing courage. = brave It was courageous of her to challenge the managing director's decision. |
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Incarcerate |
To put or keep someone in prison or in place used as a prison. They were incarcerated in that broken elevator for four hours. = behind bar He was incarcerated for 37 years |
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Clarity |
The quality of being clear and easy to understand. There has been a call for greater clarity in this area of the law. The ability to think clearly and not be confused. He has shown great clarity of mind. Absolute clarity. Clarity of thought. Clarity of vision. |
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To keep abreast of |
Theo kip Our advice for those embarking on a review project is to keep abreast of developments in this emerging field and to seek more detailed information in books devoted to the topic. |
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Hierarchy |
a system in which people or thing are arranged according to their importance. Some monkeys have a very complex social hierarchy. In evidence hierarchies relating to cause-probing question, meta-analyses of RCTs are the pinnacle. |
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Unsubstantiated |
Not supported by facts. Companies can be punished for making unsubstantiated claims about their products. Several of the authors' conclusions are unsubstantiated either by their own research, as presented in this book, or by reference to other research. |
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Deceptive |
Making you believe something that is not true. = misleading. It's deceptive - from the outside the building looks small, but inside it's very big. |
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Indispensable |
Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without it, him, her. This book is an indispensable resource for researchers. Necessary The definitions serve as an indispensable tool for deciding whether a primary study qualifies for the synthesis and for extracting appropriate information from the studies. |
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Up-front |
Advance Up-front fee. Up-front decision. Before signing up to mortgage deal, check what up-front fees you may have to pay. |
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Restrict |
To limit the movement or actions of someone, to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing. Measures to restrict the sale of alcohol. Some authors restrict their sample to published reports in peer-reviewed journals, arguing that the peer review system is an important, tried-and-true screen for findings worthy of consideration as evidence. |
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Refrain |
To avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something. We refrained form talking until we knew that it was safe. The sign on the wall said "please refrain from smoking" = abstain, desist Author tend to refrain from submitting manuscripts with negative findings, reviewers and editors tend to reject such papers when they are submitted, and users of evidence tend to ignore the findings when they are published. |
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The exclusion of grey literature in a systematic review can, |
However, lead to bias, particularly the overestimation of effects. |
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Advocate |
To publicly support or suggest an idea, development, or way of doing something. He advocates the return of capital punishment. The organization advocate for human rights. They advocate retrieving as many relevant studies as possible because methodologic weaknesses in unpublished reports can be dealt with later. |
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Labor-intensive |
If an industry, process is labour-intensive, it needs a lot of workers. The service sector is more labour-intensive and less productive than manufacturing. Converting shale oil to usable material takes a labor-intensive process that's very environmentally damaging. |
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Capital intensive |
A capital intensive industry, business, or process needs a lot of money to buy buidings and equipment in order to start operating. As agriculture become more capital intensive, many farm labourers moved to the towns and cities to look for work. |
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Simplicity |
The fact that something is easy to understand or do. The advantage of the plan is its simplicity. The test was simplicity itself. All the ideas have a stunning simplicity |
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Preliminary |
Coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it. Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to bw confirmed by further medical trials. The preliminary results are very positive. Noun: An event or action that introduces or prepares for something else. After a few polite preliminaries (introductions), we stated our main ideas and intentions. |
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Complexity |
The state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find an answer to. A problem of great complexity. There are a lot of complexities surrounding this issue. Our discussion of calculating effects sizes glosses over a number of complexities. Cognitive complexity. Overall, maltreated and nonmaltreated children demonstrated the same level of cognitive complexity. Degree of complexity. Although fractal structures have a similar degree of complexity on all scales, they do not necessarily have the same structure or components at different scales. |
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Complexity |
Enormous complexity The relationship between the product design parameters and review criteria cannot usually be exactly expressed by mathematical functions due to the enormous complexity. Extraordinary complexity Spirit is the regenerative power of these circulatory flows which, in living organisms, are bound into tightly woven bundles or tissues of extraordinary complexity. |
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Skewed |
Not accurate or exact. Maybe your world view is little skewed. Skewed also means not straight. Her smile is slightly skewed. Alternative methods may be needed for some studies, when the unit of analysis was not individual people, if a crossover design was used, when data were severely skewed, and so on. |
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Gloss over |
To avoid considering something, such as an embarrassing mistake, to make it seem not important, and to quickly continue talking about something else. She glossed over the company's declining profits. The documentary glossed over some important issues. Our discussion of calculating effects sizes glossed over a number of complexities. Gloss over. Phot lo |
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Derive |
To get or obtain something. It is possible to derive the value of d when the report gives such information as the value of t or F, an exact probability value, or a 95% confidence interval around the mean group difference. |
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Formula |
A standard or accepted way of doing or making something. We have changed the formula of washing powder. There's no magic formula for success. Fortunately, there are alternative formulas for calculating d from information in the primary study reports. |
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Intractable |
Very difficult or impossible to control, manage, or solve. We are facing an intractable problem. Surgical interventions carry a risk of serious and intractable complications and even worsen the initial conditions. |
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Independent of |
Excluding something, without taking something into account. My contract was written independent of overtime, I got a higher base salary instead. Studies have indicated that analgesic action of Botox is independent of its relaxation of the muscle. |
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Owing to |
Because of, as a result of, due to. Owing to construction on the highway, please anticipate higher levels of traffic than usual. It is lack of power to elucidate the efficacy and safety implications of botox for trigeminal neuralgia and peripheral neuropathic pain owing to small sample size. |
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Restricted |
Limited, especially by official rules, laws. Building in this area town is restricted. Job opportunities are severely restricted at the moment. Individual was restricted to humans, and language was restricted to English. |
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Import |
To buy or bring in product from another county. We import a large number of cars from Japan. >< export. To copy information from one computer or computer program to another. We imported search results from the aforementioned electronic databases into Endnote X9 for selection. C1. Goods bough by one country form another. Restriction on foreign imports. C2. The action of bringing goods or fashions into a country. The illegal importation of drugs. |
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As early as |
Ngay tu khi As early as the 19th century. As early as 2002, Mecheli reported that a 70-year-old man with hemifacial spasm associated with trigeminal neuralgia secondary to an ectatic basilar artery was treated with botox, and relief was gained not only from twitching but also from pain. |
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Refractory |
Not affected by a treatment, change, or process. This is a chronic and disabling condition that is refractory to treatment. Difficul to control, unwilling to obey A refractory child. Disobedient. Refractory trigeminal neuralgia. |
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Thus far |
As fas as this or until now. We haven't had any problems thus far. Thus far, few investigations have explored the evidence for the overall effect of botox on trigeminal neuralgia and peripheral neuropathic pain. |
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Fill the gap |
To assist on a temporary basis. He was coming over to stay with her and fill the gap until I gets home from study abroad. |
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Be superior to |
Meta-analysis provides evidence that botox is superior to placebo in relieving pain. |
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Paroxysm |
Kich phat |
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Pertinent |
Apposite Apropos Relevant >< irrelevant, Impertinent: not showing enough respect, rude. Don't be impertinent, you're in no position to tell your boss what to do. Moreover, we manually examined the reference lists of the included articles for pertinent trials Pertinent question |
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Retrieve |
To find and bring back something. The corresponding authors would confirm the correctness of the retrieved data |
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Judgment |
The ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisions. To show good/sound/poor judgment. I am going to reserve judgment for the time being. For the time being= at this time. Any discrepancy in opinions of assessments between the two evaluators were solved either through discussion or by the judgment of the corresponding author. |
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Tenant |
A person who pays rent for the use of land or a building. Tenants are complaining that vital repairs are not being done. They formed a tenants association. He was cruel to his tenants. |
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Bear out |
To support the truth of something, or to support someone's statement or claim. = confirm. The facts don't bear out your years. The evidence so far simply does not bear him out |
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Expedite |
To make something happen more quickly. Something needs to be done to expedite the process. Xuc tien |
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Sensible |
Based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding. A sensible answer/approach / compromise(su nhan nhuong hoply)/ option. Sensible person. I think the sensible thing to do is call and ask for direction. It would be sensible to take an umbrella. What makes a question sensible? |
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Contempt |
A strong feeling of disliking and having no respect for someone or something. She's beneath contempt = I have no respect for her. Fall into contempt. Contemptible |
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Downside |
A disadvantage of a situation. The downside of living here, of course, is that it is expensive. Unemployment, inflation, and greater inequality are often the downside of a market economy. >< upside. Odds ratio made results look better and that's one of the downsides of odds ratio. |
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Informative |
Providing a lot of useful information. This is an interesting and highly informative book. With ordinal variables, one option is to use a mean difference but again it will be less informative or to present them as proportional odd ratio. Each dataset may have different way of conducting the meta-analysis |
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Somewhat |
To some degree The resort has changed somewhat over the last few years. I was somewhat disappointed. Despite the availability of many such instruments, overall scales are becoming somewhat less popular in meta-analyses. |
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Opposed |
Completely different. His view of the situation is diametrically (very strongly) opposed to mine. As opposed to Rather than. I'd prefer to go in May, as opposed to September. To disagree with a principle or plan. She's opposed to any changes to the current legislation. They recommend a domain-based evaluation, that is, a component approach, as apposed to a scale approach. |
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Inspection |
The act of looking at something carefully in order to discover information. At first she suspected that the letter was a forgery(illegal copy of a document), but on closer inspection (looked at more carefully), it appeared to be genuine. Visual inspection. Publication bias was check by visual inspection of funnel plots, and tested for significance with Egger's regression test for funnel plot asymmetry |
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Infinite |
Without limits, extremely large or great. An infinite number/variety. The universe is theoretically infinite. With infinite patience, I explained the complex procedure to the patient regarding the surgery. Unlimited The Infinite: God If it were possible to perform an infinite number of studies |
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Coincide |
To happen at or near the same time. I timed my holiday to coincide with the children's. To be the same or similar. Our views coincide on a range of subjects. If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Spain together. If we were to plot the observed effects rather than the true effects, the observed effects would exactly coincide with the true effects |
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Depict |
To represent or show something in a picture or story As depicted by the circles |
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Projection |
A calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have. Forecast, prediction, prognosis, expectation. In actual meta-analysis, of course, rather than starting with the population effect and making projections about the observed effects, we work backward, starting with the observed effects and trying to estimate the population effect. |
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Precise |
Correct. right Accurate Exact |
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Implementation |
The act of starting to use a plan or system. The implementation of an agreement thihanh hiepdinh Implementation of the project thuchien du an Because studies will differ in the mixes of participants and in the implementations of interventions, among the reasons, there may be different effect sizes underlying different studies. |
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Magnitude |
The large size or importance of something. Logic dictates that such factors do exist and will lead to variations in the magnitude of the effect. |
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Modest |
Not large in size or amount, or not expensive. We live in a fairly modest house, considering our wealth. They has been a modest improvement in housing conditions for their poor. Not usually talking about or making obvious your own abilities and achievements. He's very modest about his achievements. By contrast, under the random effects model Donal was assigned a relatively modest share of the weight. |
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Assert |
To say that something is certainly true. He assert that she stole money from him. Some people assert that While some people assert that the US is a "Christian nation"... |
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Commensurate |
Suitable in amount or quality compared to something else, matching in degree. The agency's workload has increased without any commensurate increase in staff. The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of the work. |
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Be beyond somebody |
If something is beyond you, you are unable to understand it. Statistics is completely beyond me. Beyond a reasonable doubt= kododu Legal phrase meaning that something is almost certain. |
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Prejudice |
Noun. An unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge. I have a prejudice against Thanh Hoa person. I havw a prejudice in favour of PT Verb Y prejudice me against Hoang |
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Transitory |
Brief, transient, not permanent, temporary. Transient ischemic stroke |
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Contingent on/ upon sth |
Depending on something that may happen in the future. |
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Inextricable |
Inseparable The self and social world as inextricably bound together |
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Conceive |
To imagine something. It is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience. To invent a plan or an idea. The exhibition was conceived by the museum's director. Concept To become pregnant, or to cause a baby to begin to form. Do you know exactly when you conceived? The baby we conceived in March, so will be born in December. conception |
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Pose |
to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty. Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone. At open-lable cycle 1, all participants received 1500 unit except participants who experienced treatment-emergent adverse events TEAEs during the double-blind phase, which the investigator considered posed unacceptable risk, who received 1000 unit |
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Orphan |
A child whose parents are dead. The civil war is making orphans of many children. She's an orphan adopted by a wealthy New York family. She died at 39 and left four small children motherless. He was orphaned as a baby: his parents died when he was a baby. The children were orphaned by the war. Orphanage: a home for children whose parents are dead or unable to care for them. |
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Antecedent |
Adj: Previous >< subsequent When the college was established in 1546, it inherited a hall from each of three antecedent institutions. Something existing or happening before, esp. as the cause of an event or situation. The book dealt with the historical antecedent of the Civil War. To inquire into someone's antecedents (lai lich) A man of shady antecedents (lailich khongro)
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Concomitant |
Something that happens with something else and is connected with it. Loss of money is a natural concomitant of old age. Synonym: accompaniment. Adj happening and connected with another thing. Any increase in students means a concomitant increase in money for the university. Accompanying, attendant. For cycles 3/4, concomitant 500U injection into the upper limb was allowed at the investigator's discretion. |
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Discretion |
The right or ability to decide something. I leave the decision to your discretion ( for you to decide) For cycles 3/4, concomitant 500U injection into the upper limb was allowed at the investigator's discretion. |
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Discretion is the better part of valor |
Said when you believe it is wise to be careful and avoid unnecessary risks. If you say discretion is the better part of valor, you mean that avoiding a dangerous or unpleasant situation is sometimes the most sensible thing to do. |
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Alternate |
To happen or exist one after the other repeatedly. She alternated between cheerfulness and deep despair. Alternative. From here, results are presented with doses combined as participants could alternate Dysport doses between cycles based on clinical need, and because open-lable results were similar across doses. |
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Shortcoming |
A fault of someone or something. My senior had some shortcomings as a practising physician, but he was a good chef. Many methods applied in compliance research may be hampered by serious shortcomings. |
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Compliance |
The most common clinical situation confronting practising physicians with the issue of compliance may be a patient on antihypertensive drug therapy with an insufficient blood pressure response to treatment. |
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Early on |
At an initial stage in a period. Some patients may exhibit spasticity early on in their development and not demonstrate any ability to move. Spasticity early on after a sudden loss of function often produces effect, which can be utilized in early rehabilitation. If the patient get spasticity early on that mean the MAS is one plus to two they should be able to manage the spasticity with rehab, this will definitely prevent the complications, that should not be an issue for low resources country, like botulinum toxin is not available and surgery is definitely out of the questions |
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Over the course of time |
Over the course of six months we looked at both groups those individuals that had the intrathecal pump implanted and those that had conservative or conventional medical management over that six months to evaluate the effectiveness of spasticity tone reduction and also looking at other variables as well |
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Parallel |
Used to describe an event or situation that happens at the same time as and/or is similar to another one. Parallel experiments are being conducted in Rome, Paris and London. Something very similar to something else, or a similarity between two things. I'm trying to see if there are any obvious parallels between the two cases. It would be easy to draw a parallel between the city's history and that of its theatres. Have no parallel = be without parallel If something has no parallel or is without parallel, there is nothing similar to it or of the same high quality as it. These beautiful African churches have no parallel in Europe. This walking speed improvement parallel gradual increases in PGA and QoL. |
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Increasingly |
More and more Gradually Progressively My eyesight has got progressively worse over the years. Less experienced personnel assume progressively greater responsibilities as they gain knowledge and experience. |
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Assume |
B2 to accept something to be true without question or proof. C2 to take or begin to have responsibility or control, sometime without the right to do so, or to begin to have a characteristics. The new president assumes office(nham chuc) at midnight tonight. The terrorists assumed control of the plane and forced it to land in the desert. The issue has assumed considerable political proportions = has become a big political problem. |
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Recipient |
A person who receives something. Former Nobel Peace Prize recipients include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama. He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award. Both placebo recipients ans Dysport recipients were also positive for neutralizing antibodies at baseline. >< excipient : substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication |
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Formulary |
Drug list Drug formularies is a list of prescription medications that a health insurance plan will cover. Physicians or patients may wish to alter treatment plans based on response to treatment or adverse events, or due to changes in formulary or insurance coverage. |
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Coverage |
The financial protection so that you get money if something bad happens. They have a national program that provides health/ medical coverage for every citizen. The is no coverage for expenses under $5000 The reporting of a particular important event or subject. What did you think of the BBC's election coverage? TV coverage of the election campain |
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Extended coverage |
The fact of an insurance agreement providing more protection against risks than is provided by the basic agreement. Even under its extended coverage the insurance company refuses to cover laptops away from home. |
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Likelihood |
The chance that something will happen. There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost later the year of Covid 19. Almost certainly In all likelihood everything will go to plan Probability There's little likelihood of a compromise. Greatest likelihood Greatest likelihood of success Great/ high likelihood I don't see any great likelihood of Tham with their amount of knowledge and experience behind them doing otherwise. Repeated administration was associated with improved walking speed and likelihood of achieving community ambulation. |
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Apart from |
Apart from can mean either including or excluding Apart from Singapore, I also visited England and Taiwan. I like all vegetables apart from Otaheite apple. Apart from Friday, I'll be in Hanoi. Except for or except only mean not including or excluding. The aim of the present post hoc analyses of thr double-blind lower limb study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a single cycle of Dysport in patients who had been previously treated with any BoNT-A product except for abobotulinumtoxin A |
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Precede |
To be or go before something or someone in time or space. It would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an acknowledgement. Preceding: adjective The table on the preceding page shows the test results. Randomization was stratified according to previous treatment status: not previously treated and previously treated patients, as defined in the preceding text |
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Be made up of |
To comprise of, as part of a whole To make up (a composite whole) Be composed of, be constituted of The total injection volume (7.5ml) was made up of three vials of either 2.5 ml placebo or reconstituted Dysport (500U in 2.5ml sodium chloride 0.9%. The content of each 2.5ml vial was then pulled out into a single 10ml syringe |
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Remainder |
The part that is left after the other parts are gone, used, or taken away. It rained the first day but was sunny for the remainder of the trip. A total volume of 7.5ml was administered to patients by intramuscular injection including 2.5 ml into the soleus muscle, 1.5 ml into the medial and/ or lateral gastrocnemius muscle, and the remainder of the dose selected by the investigator from the following additional distal or proximal lower limb muscles |
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Discretion |
Quyet dinh Absolute discretion toanquyen quyet dinh. We have absolute discretion over which patients we admit. The president used his exclusive discretion to pardon the two men. As the protocol defined, the dose, duration and frequency of treatment was left to the clinical discretion of the investigators. |
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Negligence |
The fact of not giving enough care or attention to someone or something. Medical negligence. So xuat y te Refers to an act of carelessness, not intent to harm. Medical negligence means the practitioner made a mistake in the good faith belief that he or she was fulfilling the medical standard of care and doing the right thing by the patient. Medical malpractice can be more distressing than medical negligence as it comes with a physician's intent. This does not necessarily mean the intent to harm a patient, but the intent to perform some action while knowing it could result in harm to the patient. |
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Hindrance |
Something that make it more difficult for someone to do something or for something to develop. He's never considered his disability a hindrance, but other people have A heavy cross to bear When my father passed away, my mom had a heavy cross to bear, raising me on her own. |
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Increment |
One of a series of increases We will receive annual salary increments every December. For quantitative analyses, 1+ was considered as 2 and higher numeric score were incremented to give a MAS range of 0-5 |
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Tertiary |
Relating to a third level of stage Relating to education in colleges and universities Tertiary education. Secondary and tertiary outcome measure assessed in this post hoc analysis were: proportion of MAS responders (at least 1 grade improvement from baseline) at week 1, 4 and 12 The high prevalence of anemia among children with cerebral palsy ar a Vietnam tertiary care hospital |
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Condescension |
Behaviour that shows you think you are more important or more intelligent than other people. Trichthuong She looked at me with condescension and pity in her eyes. I'm not against veganism, per se, I'm against the condescending attitude that some vegans have toward other people |
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To look down your nose at someone |
If you say that someone looks down their nose at something or someone, you mean that they believe they are superior to that person or thing and treat them with disrespect. I don't look down my nose at comedy. They rather looked down their nose at anyone who couldn't speak English. Condescending attitude. |
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Per se |
In and of itself The music, per se, wasn't bad; it just didn't fit the bar's vibe (atmosphere) He wasn't upset, per se, but I could tell he wasn't overly happy about it. There's nothing wrong with Thanh Hoa accent, per se, I just don't like the sound of it. No analyses of the effect of gender on any of the recorded parameters were made within this study, and walking distance was simply considered per se. |
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Polarized issue |
An issue that has been made to appear black and white, wrong or right, one way or the other. These issue are intended to appear as though there are no other alternatives. I said it's a polarizing issue |
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Proportional |
If two amounts are proportional, they change at the same rate so that the relationship between them does not change. Weight is proportional to size. How far you go is directly proportional to how fast you go (as one thing increases, the other increases at exactly the same rate) The degree of punishment is meant to be proportional to the seriousness of the crime. Directly proportional to something CO2 emissions from motor vehicles are directly proportional to the amount of fuel consumed and its carbon content. Inversely proportional The study indicates that the unemployment rate and inflation are inversely proportional. |
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Proportional response |
This proportional response may depend on the severity of dynamic spasticity and appears to be lost of there are significant contractures |
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Beauty is in the eye of the beholder |
Used to express the fact that not all people have the same opinion about what is attractive. She is absolutely gorgeous. I've never seen anyone that attractive in my entire life. Well, I guess beauty is in the eye of the beholder, because I think she looks just okay. |
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Arbitrary |
Based on chance rather than being planned or based on reason Arbitrary decision-making Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary? Her outfit was an arbitrary choise but was just perfect. Ordinal sounds like order, numbers are assigned to categories but they are arbitrary |
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Justifiable |
If something is justifiable, there is a good reason for it. Her actions were quite justifiable in the circumstances. Able to be explained or shown to be reasonable, understandable. My mother is justifiably proud of my achievements. Heterogeneity of effects across studies may rule out the possibility that a meta-analysis can be done, but it also remains an issue for the analyst even when statistical pooling is justifiable. |
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Inspection |
The act of looking at something carefully to check its quality or condition. A close/detailed/thorough inspection. Carry out/make/conduct an inspection Visual inspection of heterogeneity can most readily be accomplished by constructing a forest plot. |
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Undeniable |
Certainly true. An undeniable fact. A woman of undeniable brilliance It is undeniable fact that... |
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Dwell on |
To keep thinking or talking about something, especially something bad or unpleasant. In his speech, he dwelt on the plight of the sick and the hungry. Why does he keep dwelling on my mistake? They all happened. I am trying to correct my mess. |
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Every other something |
Not each one in a series, but every two The conference used to be held every year, but now it takes place every other year. We get together every other Saturday for lunch. She meets me every other weekend. |
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Then again |
Used when you have had a new thought that is different from or the opposite of what you have just said. I am very eager to travel but, than again, I am very fond of my home. But after thinking about it. It would be fun to see them, then again, I don't really have the time |
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Surpass |
To do or be better than. My achievements has surpassed my mother's expectations. It will be hard to surpass this every high score The treatment procedures demonstrate an Egyptian level of knowledge that surpassed that of Hippocrates, who lived 1000 years later |
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Legacy |
Money or property that you receive from someone after they die. An elderly cousin had left her a small legacy Something that is a part of your history or that remains from an earlier time. The war has left a legacy of hatred His legacy is very much in evidence today. |
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Machinery |
A group of large machines or the parts of a machine that make it work Agricultural / industrial /farm machinery They use modern farm machinery, such as combine harvesters. Drive/ operate/ use machinery. If you feel tired, you should not drive or operate heavy machinery The hospital director was persuaded to develop machinary to produce orthoses |
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Convert |
I used to spoiled child ,but my mother has converted me. # avert To prevent something bad from happening To avert a crisis /conflict/ strike To avert disaster / economic collapse These methods, which are practical, relatively inexpensive and readily understandable, can help maintain functioning at an optimal level, avert crises and enable transitions to take place in a planned and effective way |
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Extemporaneous |
Done or said without any preparation or thought. An extemporaneous speech He made some extemporaneous remarks before the award ceremony Extemporaneous medicine. Thuoc uc che ngay luc dung |
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Remiss |
To be remiss in one's duty Careless and not doing a duty well enough. You have been remiss in your duties. = neglectful Remission: a period of time when an illness is less severe or is not affecting someone. Her cancer has been in remission for several years. A reduction of the time that a person has to stay in prison. He was given three months' remission for good behaviour |
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Infancy |
The time when someone is a baby or a very young child. Her youngest child died in infancy. To be very new and still developing The system is still in its infancy. The study of brain changes as a direct result of cognitive rehabilitation is still in its infancy |
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Policymakers |
A member of a government department, legislature, or other organization who is responsible for making new rules, laws, etc... Meta-analysis has been criticized for its reliance on ES. Although ES provides a crucial index of the average effect within and across studies, it is not easily understood by many people. This limitation can be overcome by translating ES into metrics that have meaning for clinicians and policymakers. |
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Arbitrary |
Based on chance rather than being planned or based on reason. Some meta-analysts set a higher threshold, requiring more than two studies for calculation of mean effects. However, we have not seen a convincing rationale for any arbitrary minimum greater than two. |
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Give priority to |
This study reported that people without stroke gave priority to the cognitive task, whereas people post stroke favored the motor requirements. |
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Give rise to |
To cause something. The suggestion of my advisor has given rise to a new optimism in my further education. Its functional effects and the qualitative and quantitative changes in the gait and balance parameters are still giving rise to some controversy |
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Put forward |
To suggest an idea for consideration. None of the ideas that I put forward have been accepted. He put forth a clear, logical argument. One of the hypotheses put forward is that botulinum toxin may improve the positioning of the foot and ankle, and hence the distribution of the support involved, and thus reduces the interference between tasks. |
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It would be worth doing something |
It would be worth performing further measurements under real-life ecological conditions to assess the effect of balance disorders in people's everyday lives. It would be certainly be worth studying the relationship between balance and the distribution of the various support by performing podobarometric recordings before and after botulinum toxin injections, for example. |
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Counterproductive |
Having an effect that is opposite to the intended or wanted. Improved safety measures in cars can be counterproductive as they encourage people to drive faster. Phan tac dung |
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Loosen my tongue |
To make someone speak more freely A couple of glasses of champagne had loosened my tongue and I said things that perhaps I shouldn't have |
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Vanity |
Too much pride in yourself, so that you are always thinking about yourself and your appearance. His life is driven by vanity. He has to drive around in the most expensive car and wear the best designer clothes. He wants the job purely for reasons of vanity and ambition |
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Inception |
The beginning of an organization or official activity. Since its inception in 1968, the company has been at the forefront of computer development. They've gone up every year since its inception |
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Prevail |
To get control or influence I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end. You can make many plans. But the Lord's purpose will prevail. Socialism will prevail. Thinhhanh to exist and be accepted among a large number of people, or to get a position of control and influence. Thuyetphuc prevail on/upon someone to do something To persuade someone to do something My father prevailed on some friends to let us stay with them. |
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Firm evidence |
Although this explanation seems to be acceptable, no firm evidence was found to support this hypothesis |
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Steady occupation |
Owing your own home and having a steady job will help when applying for a loan |
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Confined |
To limit an activity, person, or problem in some way Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please! The patient was hemiplegic which meant half paralized. She was confined to a wheelchair. |
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End up being |
One of the number one concerns that patients have is how much they are going to recover and to predict where they will end up being |
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Chore |
a job or piece of work that needs to be done regularly. Daily chore |
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Embed |
To fix something firmly into a substance. That day is embedded for ever in my recollection. Ngay do mai mai duoc ghi vao ki uc toi. Which I want to embed the younger generation with thoughts about |
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Evolve |
To develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually. These contries are evolving toward more democratic societies. Leadership is leaened, practice and it's evolved over time |
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Tactic |
A planned way of doing something. They need to be able to kind of assess and leverage their team members strengths and weaknesses and create strategies and tactics that allow their teams to succeed |
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Intrinsic motivation comes from within, while extrinsic motivation arises from outside. |
When you're intrinsically motivated, you engage in an activity solely because you enjoy it and get personal satisfaction from it. When you're extrinsically motivated, you do something in order to gain an external reward. |
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Extrovert |
An energetic person who enjoys being with other people. Most sales people are extroverts An extrovert personality. There is one very big myth, it's that you have to be extroverted to be a leader, how true is that to you? |
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Introvert |
Someone who is shy, quiet, and prefers to spend time alone rather than often being with other people. Just sharing a little bit about me, growing up I was a very shy introverted person, I still am. |
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But I would argue that some of the best leaders in my life having worked in the military setting, in a government setting, in the business setting have been introverts. |
And really why? Because introverts talk less and when you talk less you generally listen more, and when you listen more you understand and when you understand you empathize |
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Aspiration |
Something that you hope to achieve. I've never had any political aspiration. First, the socioeconomic status of a teenager's family reflects her level of educational aspirations and resources available to her to attain them. To draw in or out using a sucking motion. Breathing in a foreign object. (Sucking food into the airway) Early gastrostomy in infants with sma type 1 can help to maintain proper nutrition and reduce the risk of aspiration. |
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Denial |
A statement that something is not true or does not exist. His denial of responsibility for the accident was unconvincing. Denial, depression, and anger can appear in a way that compromise the patient's management plan and overall well-being. |
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Resemblance |
That fact that two people or things look like each other or are similar in some other way. There was a clear family resemblance between all the brothers. These prices bear no resemblance to (= are completely difference from) the ones I saw printed in the newspaper. I bear little resemblance to my mother. |
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Resentment |
A feeling of anger because you have been forced to accept something that you do not like. I bear no resentment toward them. |
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Vent |
To express a negative emotion in a forceful and often unfair way. Please don't shout- there's no need to vent your frustration /anger/ rage/ spleen on me. Donald Trump may have lost his presidential powers, and his Twitter account, but he’s still finding ways to vent his rage. |
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Tribute |
Tri an Pay tribute to sb/sth To praise someone or something Let's pay tribute to Vietnam's health workers- the frontline soldiers who have devoted their time and health to win the fight against Covid 19 |
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Be credited to somebody/ something |
If something is credited to someone or something, they have achieved it or are the reason for it. Much of Manchester United's success can be credited to their manager. Perhaps one of the reasons that American society is so developed has been credited to the division of labor and the integration of function. You don't want to be in the situation that the Vietnamese proverb has warned: ... |
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Get diverted |
Bị lạc lối |
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Elegant: graceful and attractive in appearance or behaviour. We met a young businesswoman, elegant in a black suit. |
Arrogant: having or revealing an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities. He is arrogant and opinionated |
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In the vicinity of |
Approximately The club is believed to have paind in the vicinity of €3 million for Domingo Vicinity: the area around a place or where the speaker is. Anyone who happened to be in the vicinity could have been injured or killed |
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Reconcile |
To find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together It is some time difficult to reconcile science and religion. Be reconciled When two people are reconciled, they become friendly again after they have argued. They were finally reconciled with each other, after not speaking for nearly five years. A student once asked Bruce Lee " you teach me fighting, but you talk about peace. How do you reconcile the two? Bruce Lee beautifully replied " it's better to be warrior in a garden than to be a gardener in the war" |
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Stationary: not moving, or not changing |
Stationery: the things needed for writing, such as paper, pens, pencils, and envelops |
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Grapple with sth |
To try to deal with or understand a difficult problem or subject Today, many Americans are still grappling with the issue of race. The imminent FDA authorization of a vaccine for 12-15 year olds is great news. But in the short term, we must also grapple with the ethics of vaccinating adolescents ahead of high-risk adults in other countries. |
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Notarize: if a letter or other document is notarized, it is signed by a notary public. In order to make it official or legal. |
Authorize: to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something. Notarize: cong chung. Authorize: uy quyen |
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In the long/ medium/ short term |
For a long, medium, or short period of time in the future. The decision will cost us more in the short term, but will be beneficial in the long term. |
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Ahead of |
1. In front of, before. Blanche went ahead of the others. 2. In store for, waiting for. We have a demanding trip ahead of us. 3. In advance of, before, earlier than. Two months ahead of schedule. Truoc thoi han 4. More advanced than, further on than, superior to, surpassing, exceeding, better than. In term of these amenities, Britain is ahead of other European countries. Ahead of his time: di truoc thoi dai |
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En masse |
En bloc All together in a united group. The ruiling committee resigned en bloc to make way for a new election. If a group of people do something en masse, they do it together and at the same time. The shop's workers have resigned en masse. There is some evidence to suggest that older people only become involved en masse in support of pension and incomw issues. Hanoi has now recorded 27 domestic infections and Tu's company started seeing tour cancelations en masse. |
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Resurface |
To appear again after being lost, stolen, or absent. Please contact me if any of the stolen paintings resurface. -if a memory resurfaces, you remember it again after you had forgotten about it. Memories of his childhood resurfaced when he saw the photographs. -to put a new surface on a road. Drivers will experience delays while stretches of the road are being resurfaced. |
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Disgrace |
embarrassment and the loss of other people's respect, or behaviour that causes this. They were sent home in disgrace He brought disgrace on the whole team by falsifying the results. - be a disgrace: to be a very bad situation. Three families living in one room. It's a disgrace. It's a disgrace that the government spends so much on guns and so little on education. Fall into disgrace: Khong duoc sung ai |
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Be endowed with sth |
To have a particular quality or feature. Some lucky people are endowed with both brains and beauty. Well endowed: having a lot of something, especially money or possessions. The city is well endowed with modern medical facilities. Endowed with natural abilities. Co kha nang thien phu. Be endowed by nature. He is endowed with strength. Troi ban suc manh He is endowed with many talents. She has been endowed with heavenly beauty. Sac dep tuyet tran Dalat is endowed with favorable climate. Khi hau thuan loi |
