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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
homeostasis |
dynamic mechanisms that detect and respond to deviations of physiological variables from their "set points", causing them to return to their optimum functioning range |
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acclimation |
physiological adjustment to one variable usually describes laboratory systems |
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acclimatization |
physiological adjustment to all aspects of the environment usually describes natural systems |
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What determines O2 solubility? |
Water temperature and salinity; colder and less salty --> O2 more soluble |
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countercurrent exchange |
Direction of water flow opposes direction of blood flow, maximizing O2 absorption |
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What do fish erythrocytes possess that mammal erythrocytes do not? |
nuclei |
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Brownian motion |
small particles are constantly moving around |
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chloride (mitochondria-rich) cells |
cells in freshwater fish gills that actively transport NaCl into body, HCO3 and H+/K+/NH4 out |
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Name two methods elasmobranchs and coelacanths use to keep NaCl levels safe in blood |
1. high levels of urea and TMAO in blood 2. rectal gland eliminates excess salt |
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stenohaline |
fish that can only tolerate a narrow range of salinity |
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euryhaline |
fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinities |
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neurotransmitters |
molecules that transmit a message in synapses between neurons ex. hormones |
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hormones |
neurotransmitters in the blood |
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endocrine signaling |
hormone targets and reaches a distant cell through the bloodstream |
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paracrine signaling |
a hormone targets and reaches a nearby cell through interstitial fluid |
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autocrine signaling |
a hormone targets the cell that created it |
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juxtacrine signaling |
the molecule that communicates the message is embedded in the cell membrane |
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ectocrine |
hormone leaves the body to affect the cells of another individual (pheromones) |
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Describe the effects of thyroid hormones. |
-affect metamorphosis -stimulate metabolic activity -TRH: thyrotropin releasing hormone --> TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) |
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Describe the effects of stress hormones. |
-glucose and fat metabolization -anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive -CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone --> ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone --> Cortisol |
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What is the "stress hormone"? |
cortisol |
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FSH |
follicle stimulating hormone stimulate gamete production |
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LH |
lutenizing hormone releases sex hormones |
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functional morphology |
relationship between form and function of an organism in evolutionary context |
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Mauthner's cell |
giant nerve involved in the C-start, an escape mechanism used to evade predators |
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Give five examples of different feeding techniques employed by fishes. |
hagfish: ties itself in a knot and slides the knot down its body eel: shakes it entire body around to rip flesh away shark: palatoquadrate elevation hammerhead shark: slams its head down on stingrays to stun them so it can eat them wrasses: suction feeding via enlarged maxilla and premaxilla |
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What is the functional unit of hearing, lateral line system, and orientation/balance |
hair cell |
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How many semicircular canals are in the ear? |
3 lamprey has 2 |
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What are the three parts of the inner ear from top to bottom? |
utriculus saggita lagena |
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What is the function of the semicircular canal? |
Detect changes in motion |
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What is the function of the otolith? |
Provide a sense of balance Mostly lapillus? |
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What is a neuromast? |
The structure that detects water movement, for example in the lateral line
Basically a hair cell just like the ones found in the ear |
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Between rods and cones, which one detects black and white and which one detects color? |
Rods: blk and wht cones: color |
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Name and explain the difference between the two types of electroreceptors. |
Tuberous: -do not detect weak signals from other species -sense EOD from other members of same species in communication -no gel Ampullary: everything opposite of tuberous |
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Which fishes can detect disturbances in their own electric fields? |
mormyrids and gymnotiforms |
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Explain the jamming avoidance response (JAR) |
Two fishes in the same vicinity sending out the same electrical signals will change the frequencies of their signals so as to not interfere with each other |
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Which fishes possess ampullae of Lorenzini? |
Chondrichthyes Chondrostei Cladistia (Polypteriformes) Coelacanthiformes Dipnoi |
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Disruptive coloration |
Light and dark contrast Eyes often concealed Visible to predators BUT not recognizable as a fish Deep-bodied fishes will have bars while slender fishes will have stripes |
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Poster coloration |
Helps fish tell other fishes apart from one another Warns other fishes of aggression |
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How can there be so many brightly colored fishes in coral reefs when there are so many predators who could easily see them? |
1. There are many places to hide 2. The water is very clear so they can see predators coming This may have liberated some fishes from needing camouflage and allowed them to evolve bright colors for other purposes |
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linear dominance heirarchy |
alpha, beta, gamma, etc |
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despotic dominance heirarchy |
one alpha, the rest are equals |
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aggregation |
mutual attraction to food or other resources |
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shoal |
aggregation caused by social attraction of individuals to other individuals |
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school |
polarized shoal |
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effects of overfishing |
1. learning/predator avoidance 2. large individuals taken preferentially --> reduction in avg size over time 3. fish sexually mature at younger age 4. reduced fecundity 5. gill nets select for more slender body shape 6. fish in shallower waters are gone so nets have to be cast deeper, fish for less desirable species |
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Solutions to overfishing? |
1. education 2. protected ares 3. government management and regulations 4. aquaculture |
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tragedy of the commons |
individuals behaving rationally and independently will not be acting in the best interest of the group and will eventually deplete common resources |
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solutions to tragedy of the commons? |
1. communal management 2. government ownership of public property 3. privatization of natural areas |
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maximum sustainable yield (MSY) |
maximum number of individuals that can sustainably be removed from a population = half the population at carrying capacity |
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gonochore |
fish that functions as one sex for its lifetime ` |
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protogyny |
start as female, change into male |
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protandry |
start as male, change into female |