Ichthyology Exam 1

Front 1

monophyletic clade

Back 1

a group containing an ancestor and all its descendants

Front 2

paraphyletic clade

Back 2

a group with an ancestor that does not contain all of its descendants

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Polyphyletic group

Back 3

a group that has descendants from more than one ancestor

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sister groups

Back 4

most closely related clades in the nodes of the phylogram

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cladistics

Back 5

a way of classifying organisms according to morphological characters

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synapomorphy

Back 6

shared derived characters

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morphospecies

Back 7

a community that has a distinct morphological characteristic that should have a specific name

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apomorphies

Back 8

more derived, advanced characters

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plesiomorphies

Back 9

more ancestral and primitive characters

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symplesiomorphies

Back 10

shared primitive characters

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autapomorphies

Back 11

specialized characters that are only present in one taxon

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homoplasies

Back 12

shared, but independently derived characters

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numerical taxonomy

Back 13

phonetics --- a second approach to systematics

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anagenesis

Back 14

the amount of time and differentiation that have taken place since groups divided

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cladogenesis

Back 15

the process of a branch or lineage splitting between sister groups

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phenograms

Back 16

similar to a phylogram, but OTUs in replace of competitors

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phylogram

Back 17

a tree where evolutionary relationships are expressed

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allometry

Back 18

lengths of different body parts change at different rates

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international code of zoological nomenclature

Back 19

system of rules designed to foster stability of scientific names for animals

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Principal of priority

Back 20

the first validly described name will be the name used if a species has accidentally been described twice

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holotype

Back 21

the specimen that is used as reference to describe a species

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lectotype

Back 22

the specimen selected from the group of syntypes to be the holotype

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syntype

Back 23

a series of specimen that was used to describe a new species, but changes dissallow this practice now

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neotype

Back 24

a replacement primary type

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paratype

Back 25

additionally used specimen to help describe the new species

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paralectotypes

Back 26

all the leftover syntypes after the lectotype has been chosen

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topotype

Back 27

a specimen taken from the same locality as the holotype

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allotype

Back 28

a paratype of the opposite sex

good for sexual dimorphism

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splitting

Back 29

what was considered a single species was more than one species

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lumping

Back 30

when two specimens have been described as seperate species and they are actually one species. the name that was created first will be the name for the species (principal of priority)

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morphometric

Back 31

any measurable structures

-fin length

-eye diameter

-head length

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anatomical characters

Back 32

characters of the skeleton and soft anatomy

- division of muscles

-branches of blood vessels

-color

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molecular characters

Back 33

characacters of DNA and RNA and mtDNA

barcoding - relies on differences between species in mtDNA

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meristic characters

Back 34

countable strucutres --- easily reproduceable

-fin rays

-number of vertebrate

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ostracoderms

Back 35

shell skinned

bony shield covered head to thorax

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pteraspidimorphi

Back 36

jawless filter feeders

inhabited marine and fresh waters

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thelodonti

Back 37

jawless fish

covered with denticles rather than bony plates

dorsal and anal fins

bony fish

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placoderms

Back 38

head and thorax covered in armored plates

rest of body sclaed

first jawed fishes

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acanthodians

Back 39

possible air breathers

jawless

bony and cartilaginous

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coelacanthiformes

Back 40

bony

jawed fish

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dipnoi

Back 41

boney

leaf like fins

two dorsal fins

lack of teeth

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palaeonisciformes

Back 42

one dorsal fin

heterocercal tail

bony fish

Front 43

cephalaspidiformes innovations

Back 43

ossification of the endoskeleton

head shields are sutureless and lack apparent growth rings

Front 44

placoderm innovations and their consequences

Back 44

craniovertebral joint

-increased mobility

-fixed underjaw

blade like jaw bones --- subject to breakage and wear

-no apparent placement mechanisms

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distinctions between modern and old sharks

Back 45

ventral mouth

jaw suspension - jaw-pectoral girldle linkage

tooth replacement mechanism

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main characteristics of cartilaginous fish

Back 46

multiple gill slits

nostrils on the side of the head

teeth are not attached to jaw

tiny toothlike scales (placoid scales)

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common features of chimaeras and sharks

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claspers for internal fertilization

cartilaginous skeleton

oil bouyant liver/no gas bladder/ spiral valve intestines

Front 48

paleoniscoid fishes to pre-teleostean neopterygian

Back 48

hyomandibula shifts vertically

posterior end of maxilla was removed from cheek bones

jaw muscles increased in size and complexity

-bite increases in speed and strength

---from scissor like action to sucking like action

-homocercal tail

-ossification of the vertebral collumn

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life cycle of a parasitic lamprey

Back 49

-born in freshwater

-spends 1-2 years in the ocean as a parasite

-comes back when ready to reproduce

-stops eating, gives birth, and dies

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life cycle of a non-parasitic lamprey

Back 50

born in fresh water, stays an adult in freshwater (can move from pond to stream or river), reproduces, and dies.

dont get as big as parasitic lamprey

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gills: ram ventilation

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keeping mouth slightly open while swimming, so the water flows over the gills

---only for strong swimmers

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gills: buccal/pumping action

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when the fish is adjusting the size of the buccal chamber and opercular chamber to pump water across their gills

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primary and secondary lamellae

Back 53

-primary = gill filaments

-secondary = epithelial membranes which enhances the diffusion of gas because the blood is pumping the opposite direction that water is flowing over the gills

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lampreys - differences from hagfish

Back 54

1-2 dorsal fins

terminal mouth

2 semicircular canals

have a pineal organ and functioning eyes

seven gill openings

use tongue for rasping and sucking

Front 55

hagfish - differences from lampreys

Back 55

mucus producing capabilities

single cutaneous caudle fin

subterminal mouth

1 semicircular canal

no pineal gland or functioning eyes

gill openings vary between 1-16

use their tongue for biting and tearing

Front 56

hagfish and lamprey similarities

Back 56

immune response - immunoglobulin

-pathogen specific response to microbes

both have keratinous tongues

no jaw bone

circular mouths

no paired fins

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main problem in interpreting fossil records

Back 57

volcanic rock does not work well -to hot

sedimentary rock works better

--fossils can be broken up and incomplete, hard to tell what they are