Ib Psychology Sl Studies

Front 1

Darley and Gross

Back 1

Participants saw either a girl playing in a rich environment or a poor environment then asked to judge how tey would do in an intellegence test.
Results: The participants estimated the "Rich" girl to be more intellegent, thus showing that they group these two qualities together.
Evaluation: This study may potentially cause further sterotyping.

Hint 1

1983

Front 2

Baddeley and Hitch

Back 2

The working memory model challenged the view that STM is unitary and that information processing is passive. An active store used to hold and manipulate information (accumulartor?) is suggested.
Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad.
Supporting Study: Participants did increasingly difficult questions about simple letter combinatinos and repeating "the" the whole time/ repeated numbers from 1-6/ repeating random numbers. The last group has exceptionally bad performance. This shows that these tasks may be related somehow.

Hint 2

1974

Front 3

Martinez and Kesner

Back 3

Procedure: Group 1 rats received scopolamine injections that blocks Ach, Group 2 received physostigmine (blocks enzymes that break down Ach), group 3 was control. They were then given mazes to solve.
Resutls: Group 1 performed poorly while Group 2 was much better.
Evaluation: Animal studies should not be overgeneralized.

Hint 3

1991

Front 4

Baumeister and Leary

Back 4

The belongingness theory: humans are motivated to form and maintain interpersonal relationships and human culture is, to some extent, adapted to enable people to satisfy the psychological need to live together.

Hint 4

1995

Front 5

Berry

Back 5

Procedure: modified Asch experiment with adults from the temne, who rely on agriculture for survival and the inuits, who live on hunting and fishing.
Resutls; Inuits werealmost non-conforming whereas the temne showed a high degree of conformity.

Hint 5

1967

Front 6

Tajfel and Turner

Back 6

Suggested the social identity theory, where group based social identities are based on categorization into ingroups and outgroups.

Hint 6

1979

Front 7

Tajfel

Back 7

Procedure: 64 school boys (age14-15) were shown clusters of varying numbers of dots, flashed onto a screen and had to estimate the number of dots in each cluster. They were then assgined to the "overestimator" group or the "underestimator" group. During the experiment, the boys had to allocate small amounts of money to the other boys in the experiment.
Variation: Using the preference for a painting rather than dots.
Results: a large majority of the bosy gave more money to members of their own category, displaying ingroup favoritism.
Evaluation; there may have been demand characteristics at play here if the boys treat the experiment competitively. And also the sample size is limited to male children.

Hint 7

1970

Front 8

Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz

Back 8

Procedure: 18 pairs of students participated in a simulated quiz game where they were randomly assigned to the roles of either questioners or contestant. 24 observers watched the quiz.
The questioners were asked to compose 10 questions based on their own knowledge and the contestants were asked to answer these questions. If the contestants don't answer for 30 seconds, the questinoers are to give the answer themselves. After the experiment all the participants were asked to rate the "general knowledge" of the contestants and questioners.
Results: The questioners got a consistently higher rating. This study clearly demonstrated the FAE.
Evaluation: The partcipants were all university students, the sample may be biased. Also this study is done under experimental condition, ecological validity can be raised.

Hint 8

1977

Front 9

Lau and Russel

Back 9

Found that American football coaches and palyers were more likely to attribute success to dispositional factors and fail to attribute situatinoal factors.

Hint 9

1980

Front 10

Posey and Smith

Back 10

Procedure: A group of students were asked to do some math problems, sitting either with a friend or a non-friend. They had to solve the problems alone either way and after the test the children were asked who did the better job.
Results: Children who worked with friends and failed were less likely to show the SSB and more liekly to give their friends credit when they succeeded.
Evaluation: the sample is limited to children. Ecological validity

Hint 10

2003

Front 11

The Princeton Trilogy 1: Katz and Braley

Back 11

Procedure: 100 male students from Princetonwere asked to choose give traits that characterized different ethnic groups from a list of 84 words. Results: The results showed considerable agreement in stereotypes, specifcally negative traits.
Evaluation: this study may potentially contribute to racial discrimination.

Hint 11

1933

Front 12

The Princeton Trilogy 2: Gilbert

Back 12

Replicated the original study and found that there was less uniformity of agreement, specifcally about unfavorable traits.
Stereotypes about Japanese were extremely negative and this was explained by the Pearl Harbor incident.
Many students objected to being asked this at all and this indicates a potential social change.

Hint 12

1951

Front 13

The Princeton Trilogy 3: Karlins et al.

Back 13

Replicated the study, many students objected to the task again but this time there was greater agreement on the stereotypes but the traits were mostly positive.

Hint 13

1969

Front 14

Bandura and Ross

Back 14

Procedure: 36 boys and 36 girls with a mean age of 4.4 were divided into three groups matched on levels of aggressiveness before the experiment. One group saw the adult model behave aggressively towards a bobo doll, while the other group saw the model assemble the toys, the last group was control.
They were then brought to a room with toys and told not to play with them in order to frustrate them. Then they were taken into a room with toys and a bobo doll where they were observed for 20 minutes through a one-way mirror.
Results: The aggressive group were significantly more aggressive towards the bobo doll. They were also more likely to imitate same-sex models, and boys were more aggressive than girls in general.
Evaluation: Well, the children was frustrated. And also this experiment may encourage violent behavior in the chidlren's adulthood.

Hint 14

1961

Front 15

Charlton et al.

Back 15

Procedure: this was a naturalisitc experiment, Children (Aged 3-8 years) were observed before and after the introduction of television through cameras set up in the playgrounds of two primary schools on the island. The level of aggression in television matched watch children in the UK were exposed to.
Results: There was no significant increase in aggression.
Evaluation: This study is very high in ecological validity. However it does not directly measure SLT.

Hint 15

1961

Front 16

Regan

Back 16

Procedure: One participant and a confederate were asked to rate paintings. In the experimental condition the confederate left the experiment and returned after a few minutes with two bottles of cola, while the control condition the participant did not.
After the painting rating the confederate asked the participant to buy some raffle tickets as a favor.
Results: The participants in the experimental condition bought twice as many raffle tickets than participants in the control condition who had not received a favor first.
Evaluation: Controlled experiment, possible to establish cause-effect relatinoships. But lacks ecological validity.

Hint 16

1971

Front 17

Dickerson et al.

Back 17

Procedure: did a field experiment where they asked university students to sign a poster supporting shorter showers to save water. Then a survey asking them to think about their own water usage. Finally the student's shower time was monitored.
Results: Students who had done all this spent an average of 3.5 minutes less in the shower.

Hint 17

1992

Front 18

Asch

Back 18

Procedure: Seven male college students were placed around two white cards. where they have compare the height of the lines. All the participants were confederates except one and and sometimes they would unanimously give the wrnog answer.
Results:
Evaluation: there is a high degree of control but lacks ecological validity. The sample size is also limited.

Hint 18

1951

Front 19

Culture

Back 19

Culture can be defined as a collective mental programming that is the "software of the mind" that guides a group of people in their daily intractions and distinguishes them from other groups of people. (Hofstete, 1995).
Culture acn be defined as the comon rules that regulate interactions and behavior in a group as well as a number of shared value and attitudes in the group. (Lonner, 1995).
Culture can be defined as a dynamic systen of rules, explicit and implicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors.

Hint 19

Lonner (1995)
Hofstede (1995)
Matsumoto (2004)

Front 20

Wei et al.

Back 20

Procedure: A group of 600 managers working in companies in Singapore was randomly selected for this survey. The participnts were divided according to their nationality. The survey was aimed to find out their conflict resolution style.
Results: American managers were generally more likely to adopt a dominating conflict resolution style and while Asian managers are usually more inclined to avoiding conflict.
Evaluation; Surveys cover a large and representative cross cultural sample of managers in Singapore so the results can be generalized. The study relies on self report so the reliability of the data may not be good.

Hint 20

2001

Front 21

Basset

Back 21

Procedure: A qualitative cross-cultural study was done 0n 15 chinese and 15 australian bachelor students of business and management. They were asked to analyze a potential conflict situation between a Japanese supervisor and a Canadian assistant teacher according to their own cultural perspective.
Results: Generally, the data confirmed Hofstede's individualist and collectivist dimensions.
Evaluation; The sample size is too small. qualitative data is hard to measure.

Hint 21

2004

Front 22

Jahoda

Back 22

Suggested the Mental Health model of normality, where deviations from the criteria of health would mean that the individual is "abnormal".
-the absence of mental illness
-realistic self-perception and contact with reality
-a strong sense of identity and positive self-esteem
-autonomy and independence
-ability to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships
-ability to cope with stressful situations
-capacity for personal growth and self-actualization.

Hint 22

1958

Front 23

Rosenhahn

Back 23

Procedure: 8 participants (5 men, 3 women) followed the same instructions of complaining about "hearing things" and presented themselves in 12 psychiatric hospitals.
Results: All but one participant was admitted and diagnosed with schizophrenia, and it took them 7-52 days of normal behavior to get out of the hospital with a label of "schizophrenia in remission".
A follow up study is done where a hospital was informed to look for impostors and they found 41 clearly identified and 42 suspected impostors when there are actually none.
Evaluation: had an enormous impact on psychology and it has many ethical issues since the second part of the study might have prevented some patients from receiving proper treatment.

Hint 23

1973

Front 24

Zhang et al.

Back 24

Procedure: a survey in 12 regions in China
Results: only 16 out of 19223 people said that had suffered from a mood disorder at some point in their life.

Hint 24

1998

Front 25

Tseng and Hsu

Back 25

Proposed Neurasthenia - the Chinese version of depression. It literally means "a weakness of nerves", it is characterized by bodily symptoms and fatigue.
This is much more prevalent in China probably because there is less stigmatization against physical symptoms and it is more compatible with the tradition way of chinese medicine.

Hint 25

1970

Front 26

Kessler et al.

Back 26

found a lifetime prevalence for major depression of 21.3% in women compared to 12.7 in men.

Hint 26

1993

Front 27

Fairburn and Beglin

Back 27

found that bulimia nervosa affected between 1 and 2% of young women in the USA and UK.

Hint 27

1990

Front 28

Nurnberger and Gershon

Back 28

Procedure: reviewed seven twin studies on major depression.
Results: genes could be a factor in depression, the concordance rate of MZ twins is 65% and DZ is 14%.
Evaluation: this is the issue with co-morbidity.

Hint 28

1982

Front 29

Beck

Back 29

Suggested the negative cognitive triad, where depression is caused by inaccurate cognitive responses to events in the form of negative thinking about oneself.
The diathesis-stress model.

Hint 29

1976

Front 30

Brown and Harris

Back 30

Procedure: 458 women were survey on their life and depressive episodes.
Results: 8% had been depressed, and 90% of these had experienced an adverse life event or a serious difficulty. Working-class women with children were four times more likely to develop depression than middle class.
Evaluation: the sample of this study was gender biased.

Hint 30

1978

Front 31

Kendler et al.

Back 31

Procedure: a sample of 2163 female twin participants with one in the pair suffering from bulimia was interviewed to see if the other twin would develop bulimia.
Results: the concordance rate for bulimia was 23% in MZ twins compared to 9% in DZ twins.
Evaluation: the variables are not controlled, and the sample is gender biased.

Hint 31

1991

Front 32

Fairburn

Back 32

suggested that people with eating disorders had distorted weight-related schema and low self-esteem.

Hint 32

1997

Front 33

Nolen-Hoeksema

Back 33

suggested the three possible explanations for gender variable in depression:
-biological, hormones.
-Cognitive, coping.
-Socio-cultural,power and status.

Hint 33

2001

Front 34

Neale et al.

Back 34

Procedure: meta-analysis of published studies on the outcome of antidepressants versus placebo.
Results: antidepressants have 42% relapse while placebo only has 25% with similar effects.

Hint 34

2011

Front 35

Kuyken et al.

Back 35

Procedure: participants were randomly allocated into two groups, one group continued their medication and the other group participated in an MBCT course and gradually diminished their medication.
Results: The control group had a relapse rate of 60% and the experimental group had only 47%.

Hint 35

2008

Front 36

Leuchter et al

Back 36

Procedure: examined the brain function of 51 patients who received either a placebo or active medication. EEG was used to measure brain activity.
Results: both groups improved but their brain activity showed different patterns of activation.

Hint 36

2002

Front 37

Luty et al.

Back 37

Procedure; 16 week therapy with attended by 177 patients diagnosed with major depression and they were randomly allocated with either CBT or IPT.
Results: there is no difference in effect of the two forms of therapy but CBT was more severe depression (20% versus 57%).

Hint 37

2007

Front 38

Klerman et al.

Back 38

Procedure: 150 female participants diagnosed with depression was divided into three groups: antidepressants, anitdepressants and therapy, and no medication but more therapy.
Results: the relapse rates were highest for the control group that only took placebo. antidepressants and combination had a relapse rate of 12%, and the IPT alone had a relapse rate of 7%.

Hint 38

1974

Front 39

Bremner et al.

Back 39

PProcedure: MRI scans were made of the brains of the participants when they did memory tests, and found that veterans of war and childhood sexual abuse were deficits in short term memory.
Results: They found that the hippocampus was smaller in PTSD patients.
Evaluation: The sample size is not big enough to generalize.

Hint 39

2003

Front 40

Bartlett

Back 40

Procedure: Asked British participants to hear a native american legend called "war of the ghosts". And asked them to recall it later.
Results: The participants remembered the main idea of the story but they changed bits of it to fit their cultural expectations.
Evaluation; lack of ecological validity, demand characteristics.

Hint 40

1932

Front 41

Rosenzweig, Bennet, and Diamond

Back 41

Procedure: Group 1 rats were put in Enriched condition, Group 2 rats were put in Impoverished condition, 3 is control. They spent 30-60 days in these before being examined by the researchers.
Results:
The anatomy of the brain was different between the two groups. Group 1 developed more Ach receptors, and the brains were thicker and heavier.
Evaluation: ethical considerations, animal research, controlled rigorous experiment.

Hint 41

1972

Front 42

Caspi et al.

Back 42

Procedure: Researchers compared participants with a normal 5-HTT gene and a mutation of the 5-HTT gene with shorter alleles. On how vulnerable they are to depression after stress.
Results: The mutation group was more likely.
Evaluation: The finding of this study is not clear but it may affect a person's generalization.

Hint 42

2003

Front 43

NewComer et al.

Back 43

Procedure: Group 1 had 160 mg of cortisol tablets for 4 days, Group 2 had 40 mg. They were then tested with verbal declarative memory tests (listening to a prose paragraph and asked to recall it).
Results: Group 1 did worse.
Evaluation: This is a controlled experiment, and the participants were fed anxiety provoking drugs.

Hint 43

1999

Front 44

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Back 44

Multi-store model of memory

Hint 44

1968

Front 45

Speisman et al.

Back 45

Procedure: Showed participants anxiety provoking films with varying sound tracks and emphasis. Physiological measures are taken during the process.
Results: The participants in the "trauma condition" showed much higher readings. Showing cognitive appraisal did have a significant impact on the physiological stress reactions.
Evaluation: Well he did show people terrible films. Ecologically validity

Hint 45

1964

Front 46

Bouchard et al.

Back 46

Procedure: Self selected sample of MZ twins who are either raised together or separately are tested on IQ concordance rate.
Results: The twins raised together had an 80% concordance rate and 69% for twins raised apart. Thus they conclude that environment must have an effect on stuff like IQ.
Evaluation: The sample size is too small

Hint 46

1990

Front 47

Glanzer and Cunitz

Back 47

Procedure: Participants first heard a list of items and then immediately had to recall them in any order
Results: Participants recalled words from the beginning and the end mostly. (The primary and recency effect). This study supports the multistore model of memory.

Hint 47

1966

Front 48

Brown and Kulik

Back 48

Procedure: 80 participants were asked to recall some shocking events' circumstance
Results: Found that they usually have a vivid memory about that time showing that flashbulb memories are caused by physiological emotional arousal.
Evaluation: Might cause stress, and vivid detail does not necessarily mean accuracy.

Hint 48

1977

Front 49

Baumgartner et al.

Back 49

Procedure: Group 1 received oxytocin, while group 2 received a placebo. They were placed in a trust game where the trust is breached on purpose. During the experiment they were fMRI scanned,
Results; The oxytosin group invested at similar rates after the trust breach and the placebo group invested less.
Evaluation: feeding people psychoactive drugs, and ecologically validity.

Hint 49

2008

Front 50

Loftus and Palmer

Back 50

Procedure: Aprticipants saw videos of traffic accidents and had to answer questions about the accident. Students that heard either smashed or contacted as functional terms.
Results: Students that heard smashed estimated 40.8mpg, and students that heard contacted estimated 31.8 mph. This is significant lower.
Results: Lack of ecological vlidity, students are not a representative population.

Hint 50

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