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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Physiological Factors which effect Behaviour |
Brain processes, Neurotransmitters, Hormones and Genes |
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Nature vs Nurture Debate |
Debate whether human behavior is the result of biological or environmental factors |
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4 Lobes and their functions |
Frontal-reasoning,problem solving Parietal-senses,language Occipital-Vision Temporal-hearing,memory and meaning |
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Parts of the brain (ABBCC) |
Amygdala- memory,decision making, emotional reactions Brain Stem-heart rate,breathing,digesting,sleeping Broca's Area-speech production Cerebellum-coordinated movement Cerebrum-thought and action |
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Parts of the brain (HHTW) |
Hippocampus-new memories->long term storage Hypothalamus-blood pressure,temperature,weight,appetite Thalamus-sorts,processes, and directs signals Wernicke's Area- Language comprehension |
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3 examples of brain imaging technology |
EEG electroencephalogram- understanding of sleep and emotions etc using brain waves PET positron emission topography- injection of radioactive glucose, finds tumors fMRI- functional magnetic resonance imaging, determines abnormalalities in brain function |
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Principles of Biological Level of Analysis |
-There are physiological origins of many behaviors -humans should be studied as biological systems -biology can affect cognition vice versa |
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How an electrical impulse travels |
-Travels down the axon of a neuron and releases neurotransmitters -Crosses the gap between 2 neurons (synapse) -Neurotransmitters fit into receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane -Once message is passed on the neurotransmitters are broken down/reabsorbed (reuptake) |
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Harlow- Phineas Gage (1848) |
Frontal Lobe controls personality. Proved Localisation of function (different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions) |
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Localisation of Function |
The theory that certain areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions |
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What is neuron? |
Nerve cells which are one of the building blocks of behavior. Send electrochemical messages to the brain |
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What is neurotransmission |
The method by which electrochemical messages are sent |
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Brain Plasticity |
The brain has an ability to rearrange the connections between its neurons |
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Dendritic Branching |
Everytime we learn something new the neurons create a new trace in the brain |
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Melatonin |
A hormone which anticipates the daily onset of darkness -Neurotransmitter |
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Oxytocin |
The "love hormone" -released with touches and hugs -produced by the hypothalamus -associated with the bonding between mother/child and lovers -Neurotransmitter |
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
Subcategory of depression. Reduced levels of sunlight in autumn and winter disturb the biological clock in certain people |
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Adrenaline |
Fight, Flight or Freeze response -Hormone |
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Serotonin |
Balances mood Contributes to happiness and well being -Neurotransmitter |
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Mirror Neuron |
plays a role in learning from another person -"mirrors" the behavior of others |
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Behaviour genetics |
The understanding of how both genetics and the environment contribute to human behavior |
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Diathesis stress model |
Argues that depression is the result of a traumatic environmental stimuli and "genetic vulnerability" |
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The principle of inheritance |
What genetic arguments of behavior are based on |
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Correlational Studies |
establishes that there is a relationship between 2 variables without manipulating a variable (no cause and effect) |
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Concordance rate |
The correlation found in twin research (the presence of the same trait in both twins) |
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3 methods of genetic research |
Twin studies, family studies and adoption studies |
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Adoption studies |
Are the mist direct comparison between genetic and environmental influences on human behavior |
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Selective placement |
What adoption agencies use when finding homes for children -Same culture, as similar as possible to biological parents |
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Intelligence |
-Poverty has an influence on the development of children's intelligence -Charles Spearman: there is an intelligence factor that is the basis of all intelligence (rather than testing history or biology skills he tested reasoning and divergent thinking) |
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Meta-analysis |
Combining and analyzing the results of many different individual studies devoted to a specific topic |
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Minnesota Twin Study Bouchard et al 1990 |
-longitudinal study, cross-cultural -compared identical twins raised apart and together -70% of intelligence is from genetic inheritance -30% is from external factors |
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The Flynn effect |
The rise of test scores on intelligence tests in most parts of the world throughout time -reason is unknown |
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Charles Darwin |
-Theory of Evolution -Natural selection: members of a species who have characteristics which are better suited to survive are more likely to breed |
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Professor Tetsuro (2007) |
-Tested spatial memory in chimps -Numbers 1-9 replaced with blank squares -Chimps had better memory of order than humans |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
As genes mutate the advantageous ones pass down through natural selection |
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Curtis et al (2004) |
-higher disgust reaction for images which threatened ones immune system -Disgust is a key to successful reproduction |
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Ethical Considerations in Genetic Research |
-If misused, genetic information can effect someones ability to get a job or insurance -Can reveal unexpected information ex:adoption -Consent paper needed -Confidentiality measures (anonymization |
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The Case of Janet |
- Ogden (2005) studied a woman who died after developing a brain tumor- Hemineglect = condition that results from damage to one side of the brain and causes various forms of inattention to the opposite side of space- Janet had a brain tumor in the parietal lobe of her right hemisphere; she ignored the left side of objects & even the left side of her body- suggested that this was caused by willing neglect by the half of the brain that is affected; patients seem to have some awareness --> make justifications & rationalizations
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The Case of HM |
- HM had surgery to remove his medial temporal lobes & reduce epileptic seizures- Hippocampus was also accidentally removed --> memory loss- He could not create long term memories and also developed retrograde amnesia (loss of memory from before an event - the surgery)- Ogden (2005) = HM also developed anterograde amnesia (an inability to remember things relating to the time since the operation); calm mood
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