Ib Biology Hl Sexual Reproduction

Front 1

Define oogenesis

Back 1

The production of eggs within the ovaries

Front 2

Define spermatogenesis

Back 2

The production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

Front 3

In what order are these cells developed?: Spermatid, spermatagonia, spermatoza, spermatocyte

Back 3

1. Spermatagonia

2. Spermatocyte

3. Spermatid

4. Spermatoza

Front 4

In what order are these cells developed?: Primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, oogonia

Back 4

1. Oogonia

2. Primary oocyte

3. Secondary oocyte

Front 5

Define primodial follicles in oogenesis

Back 5

unmature follicles that contain primary oocyte egg cells arrested in prophase I

Front 6

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?

Back 6

Progesterone

some eostrogen

Front 7

What is the purpose of sertoli cells?

Back 7

To provide nurishment to developing spermatoza

Front 8

What does the hormone FSH do during the menstrual cycle?

Back 8

Triggers the continued division of a few primary oocytes

Front 9

Describe the function and features of the zona pellucida in eggs

Back 9

* Jelly layer made from glycoprotein

* Acts as a sperm barrier

Front 10

Describe the function and features of the corona radiata in eggs

Back 10

* External layer of the egg

* provides support and nourishment

Front 11

Describe the function of the cortical granulles in eggs

Back 11

After fertilization, releases its contents causing the cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy

Front 12

Describe the function of the acrosome cap in sperm

Back 12

Contains enzymes needed to break past the jelly barrier/zona pellucida in eggs

Front 13

What is external fertilization?

Back 13

The fusion of gametes outside the body of a parent, common in aquatic life

Front 14

Describe capacitation and its purpose during intercourse and

Back 14

* When chemicals released by the uterus dissolve the sperms cholesterol coat

* Improves sperm motility

* destables the acrosome cap to improve acrosome reaction

Front 15

Describe the acrosome reaction during fertilization

Back 15

* The sperm breaks through the zona pellucida using enzymes stored in the acrosome cap

* the acrosome fuses with the jelly coat and releases enzymes that soften the glycoprotein

* the sperm can now reach the exposed docking protein on the eggs membrane

Front 16

Describe the cortical reaction post fertilization

Back 16

* After fertilization, cortical granulles release enzymes into the zona pellucida to harden and thicken the glycoprotein layer, to prevent ad

* this also destroys the sperm docking proteins.

Front 17

What is the function of FSH?

Back 17

* Stimulate follicle growth

Front 18

What is the function of LH?

Back 18

* causes ovulation

Front 19

What is the function of estrogen?

Back 19

* Thickens the uterine lining/ endometrium

* inhibits FSH and LH for most of cycle

* Stimulates FSH and LH release pre-ovulation

Front 20

What is the function of progesterone?

Back 20

* Thickens uterine lining/ endometrium
* Inhibits FSH and LH

Front 21

Where is FSH and LH produced?

Back 21

Anterior pituitary gland

Front 22

Where is estrogen and progesterone produced?

Back 22

The ovaries

Front 23

What are the 4 main stages in the menstrual cycle?

Back 23

1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulation

3. Luteal phase

4. Menstruation

Front 24

What are the key events in the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?

Back 24

* FSH stimulates follicle growth

* The dominant follicle produced estrogen, which inhibits FSH to prevent other follicles from growing (negative feedback)

* Estrogen thickens the uterine lining

Front 25

What are the key events during ovulation in the menstrual cycle?

Back 25

* Estrogen stimulates the production of FSH and LH (positive feedback)

* Results in small surge of FSH and big surge of LH

* LH causes the dominant follicle to rapture and release an egg (ovulation)

Front 26

What are the key events during the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?

Back 26

* Raptured follicle degenerates into corpus luteum
* Corpus luteum produces lots of progesterone and a bit of estrogen

* progesteron and estrogen thicken the endometrial lining

* Estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH (no follicle development)

Front 27

What are the key events during the menstruation phase in the menstrual cycle? (if no pregnency occurs)

Back 27

* Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans

* with the corpus luteum gone, estrogen and progesterone drop

* the endometrium is no longer maintened and sheds (period)

* LH and FSH levels rise to start the cycle again (no longer inhibited by estrogen and progesterone)

Front 28

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen inhibit FSH?

Back 28

Follicular phase, to prevent follicles other than the dominant follicle from developing

Front 29

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen inhibit FSH and LH? (anterior pituitary)

Back 29

Luteal phase, to prevent follicles from developing

Front 30

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary?

Back 30

Ovulation, to stimulate a surge of FH and FSH causing ovulation

Front 31

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does both estrogen and progesterone levels drop?

Back 31

Menstruation, when the corpus luteum degenerates

Front 32

Which hormones trigger the dominant follicle to rapture?

Back 32

FH (large amount)

FSH (small amount)

Front 33

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen levels drop?

Back 33

Ovulation, as the raptured follicle stops producing estrogen

Front 34

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does progesterone levels rise?

Back 34

Luteal phase, with the development of the corpus luteum

Front 35

In what stage/s during menstrual cycle does estrogen levels rise?

Back 35

Follicular phase, when estrogen is produced by developing follicles

Luteal phase (only slight rise) from the corpus luteum

Front 36

Arrange in order of development

After fertilization: Morula, Blastocyte, Zygote

Back 36

Zygote

Morula

Blastocyte

Front 37

What produces HCG?

Back 37

The implanted blastocyte in the endometrium

Front 38

What is the function of HCG?

Back 38

Stimulates the production of progesterone to maintain the corpus luteum and the endometrium

Front 39

What is the importance of the maintained corpus luteum during early pregnancy?

Back 39

* Continues producing progesterone and estrogen

* Estrogen inhibits FSH and LH and prevents follicle development

* progesterone maintains the endometrium and thickens the curvix

Front 40

What is the role of oxytocin during birth?

Back 40

Causes uterine muscles to contract

Front 41

What hormones does the placenta produce?

Back 41

Progestrone

Front 42

How is exchanged material transported from the placenta to foetus?

Back 42

through chorionic villi, via the umbilical cord and into the foetus

Front 43

Which materials does the fetus transport to the mothers blood?

Back 43

Carbon dioxide

urea

hormones

Front 44

Which materials are transported from the mother to fetus?

Back 44

Nutrients, oxygen, water, antibodies, vitamins

Front 45

Which hormones does the placenta produce?

Back 45

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 46

What is the role of estrogen during fetus development? (produced by the placenta)

Back 46

* growth of uterine muscles

* development of mammary glands

Front 47

What is the role of progesterone during fetus development? (produced by the placenta)

Back 47

* maintaining the endometrium

* reducing uterine contractions

* reduces potential maternal immune responses

Front 48

What happens to progesterone and estrogen nearing time of birth?

Back 48

Drops

Front 49

Describe the positive feedback loop reinforced by oxytocin

Back 49

* Baby pushes against cervix, causing it to stretch

* Stretching is detected by receptors which signal the brain

* Brain stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin

* oxytocin causes uterus muscles to contract, causing the baby to push against the curvix

Front 50

Describe the role of estriol during late pregnency

Back 50

* raises the sensitivity of the uterus muscles to oxytocin

* inhibits progesterone, which was preventing muscle contraction