Ib Bio Year 1: Topic 5- Evolution And Biodiversity

Front 1

The cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population.

Back 1

Evolution

Front 2

Many small changes added together to make a big change.

Back 2

Cumulative change

Front 3

What are 4 pieces of evidence for evolution?

Back 3

The Fossil Record; Selective Breeding; Homologous structures; Continuous variation

Front 4

True or false: older fossils are buried deeper.

Back 4

True

Front 5

What is selective breeding?

Back 5

Humans select which organisms in a population reproduce, quickly altering the characteristics of that population. Also called artificial selection

Front 6

What are homologous structures?

Back 6

Structures among many organisms that have similar structure even though they're for different functions

Front 7

What is an example of a homologous structure?

Back 7

Pentadactyl limb

Front 8

What kinds of organisms is the pentadactyl limb used by? And what do they use it for?

Back 8

Mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles; walking, grasping, flying, swimming

Front 9

A spectrum of many different phenotypes, especially among different populations of a species

Back 9

Continuous variation

Front 10

True or false: Continuous variation supports the idea that evolution happens very quickly

Back 10

False; continuous variation supports the idea that evolution happens gradually. New species arise by a subtle constant rate of change

Front 11

When one species splits into multiple species

Back 11

Diverge

Front 12

When one species diverges into many, for example to colonize new food sources

Back 12

Adaptive radiation

Front 13

Pigment that makes organisms darker

Back 13

Melanin

Front 14

Describe Industrial melanism.

Back 14

The soot produced from the Industrial revolution caused the most common phenotype of the peppered moth to change from light to dark (due to the darker ones being able to better blend in with the dark bark on the trees)

Front 15

True or False: Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species.

Back 15

True

Front 16

What is the mechanism by which evolution happens?

Back 16

Natural Selection

Front 17

Nature selection is nature selecting which phenotypes live and _________.

Back 17

Reproduce

Front 18

What are the 4 steps of evolution?

Back 18

Overproduction of offspring; struggle for survival; Natural Selection; Popular phenotypes arise

Front 19

Give a brief description of the first step of evolution.

Back 19

Overproduction of offspring: Over time, species produce more offspring than their environment can support. The environment only has so much resources. Diseases and predators become more common as the population increases. The offspring are varied.

Front 20

What causes variation in asexual organisms?

Back 20

Mutation

Front 21

What causes variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

Back 21

Mutation; Meiosis; Random fertilization

Front 22

What is mutation?

Back 22

a change in dna, usually during dna replication

Front 23

How does meiosis introduce variation within a species?

Back 23

Crossing over and random orientation mix and match alleles originally from parents to make gametes

Front 24

What is random fertilization?

Back 24

Random egg + Random sperm= recombination of allele from 2 parents

Front 25

Describe the second step of evolution.

Back 25

Struggle for survival: Overproduction of offspring means that there aren't enough resources and/or there will be too many predators. To be evolutionarily successful, you just have to make lots of healthy babies. The successful combination of alleles will appear more often.

Front 26

Describe the third step of evolution.

Back 26

Natural selection: nature selecting which phenotypes live and reproduce

Front 27

What is an adaptation?

Back 27

Characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment

Front 28

What is the survival of the fittest?

Back 28

Organisms with adaptations survive and pass on their traits to their offspring. Unfit organisms die out and so too do their traits

Front 29

Describe the fourth step of evolution.

Back 29

Popular phenotypes arise: Over time the population is dominated by the popular phenotype. The frequency of these phenotypes increase. Frequency= percent or fraction

Front 30

Are characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime heritable?

Back 30

No. Only their DNA is heritable

Front 31

On which Galapagos island were most of the studies on Darwin's finches conducted?

Back 31

Daphne Major

Front 32

What did Darwin find when he examined the beaks of a group of closely related birds?

Back 32

He found that they came from a common ancestor but diverged into many species

Front 33

The single species that Darwin's finches came from underwent what?

Back 33

Adaptive radiation

Front 34

True or false: the common ancestor of Darwin's finches diverged into many species with different beak shapes and sizes to consume different food sources.

Back 34

True

Front 35

What is the process by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Back 35

1) Bacteria reproduces and has variation due to mutation 2) Antibiotics are introduced 3) Mutation unintentionally produces variants who are resistant 4) These variants become successful and pass on their genes to their offspring

Front 36

What is an example of an antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Back 36

MRSA (Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)

Front 37

What are two reasons to classify organisms?

Back 37

Identification, prediction of characteristics

Front 38

What is taxonomy?

Back 38

The science of classifying organisms

Front 39

What is a taxon?

Back 39

A level of classification (plural taxa)

Front 40

True or false: there is a universal standard for naming organisms.

Back 40

True

Front 41

What are the three domains?

Back 41

Archaea (prokaryotes); Eubacteria (also prokaryotes); Eukaryotes (can be either uni- or multi-cellular)

Front 42

Organisms are placed into a _________ of classifications.

Back 42

Hierarchy

Front 43

What is a hierarchy?

Back 43

Classification based on inclusiveness, categories are repeatedly divided and subdivided

Front 44

Within the domain of eukaryotes, there are 7 more taxa. What are they?

Back 44

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 45

If two species are in the same lower taxon, will they will be in all the same upper taxa as well?

Back 45

Yes

Front 46

If two species have the same species name but they are in different genera, are they the same species?

Back 46

No

Front 47

What is the universal standard for naming organisms called?

Back 47

Binomial nomenclature

Front 48

Biologists had __________ where they got together and decided on names for organisms.

Back 48

Congresses

Front 49

True or false: in the binomial system of nomenclature, you name organisms by their species followed by their genus

Back 49

False; in the binomial system of nomenclature, you name organisms by their genus followed by their species

Front 50

What are the rules for writing organism's names?

Back 50

Always capitalize genus, never species; italicize if typing, underline of handwritten; can abbreviate genus by first letter

Front 51

Organisms of the same genus have a very ______ common ancestor.

Back 51

Recent. They are closely related

Front 52

True or false: organisms never get reclassified based on new DNA evidence.

Back 52

False; organisms sometimes get classified based on new DNA evidence

Front 53

Is an organism's appearance sufficient to determine which organisms it is related to?

Back 53

No; similar DNA, and not necessarily similar appearance means more recent common ancestor

Front 54

The vessels/tubes in an organism

Back 54

Vasculature (in plants xylem and phloem)

Front 55

Describe the height, structure, main features, and reproduction of bryophytes.

Back 55

Mosses; can grow up to 50 cm; fuzzy, no wood or vasculature; reproduces using spores in capsules on stalks

Front 56

Describe the height, structure, main features, and reproduction of filicinophytes.

Back 56

Ferns; can grow up to 20 m; curled leaves, have vasculature but no wood; reproduce using spores in capsules under leaves

Front 57

Describe the height, structure, main features, and reproduction of coniferophytes.

Back 57

Conifers (pine trees, etc.); can grow up to 100 m; needles for leaves, wood and vasculature; reproduce using cones

Front 58

Describe the height, structure, main features, and reproduction of angiospermophytes.

Back 58

Grasses, shrubs, trees that aren's conifers, etc.; Can grow up to 100 m; vasculature, can have wood; reproduce using fruits and flowers

Front 59

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of porifera.

Back 59

Sponges; porous for filter-feeding, sessile; no symmetry; no segmentation

Front 60

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of cnidaria.

Back 60

Jellies, anemones and corals; stinging cells, mouth but no anus; radial symmetry; no segmentation

Front 61

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of platyhelminthes.

Back 61

Flatworms such as tapeworms; mouth but no anus, flat, mostly parasitic; bilateral symmetry; no segmentation

Front 62

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of annelida.

Back 62

Segmented worms such as earthworms and leeches; can have bristles, have a mouth and an anus; bilateral symmetry; segmentation

Front 63

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of mollusca.

Back 63

Snails, octopi; usually has a shell, has a mouth and an anus; bilateral symmetry; segmentation

Front 64

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of arthropoda.

Back 64

Insects, arachnids, crustaceans; exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed limbs; bilateral symmetry; segmentation

Front 65

Describe the Main features, symmetry, and segmentation of chordata.

Back 65

animals with a backbone; have a backbone; bilateral symmetry; segmentation

Front 66

Are fish warm or cold-blooded? What is their method of circulation, ventilation, and reproduction?

Back 66

Cold-blooded; circulation is single-loop, 2-chambered heart; ventilate with gills; reproduce using eggs that develop externally

Front 67

Are reptiles warm or cold-blooded? What is their method of circulation, ventilation, and reproduction?

Back 67

Cold-blooded; circulation is double-loop, 3-chambered heart (with mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the third chamber); ventilate with lungs; reproduce using eggs

Front 68

Are amphibians warm or cold-blooded? What is their method of circulation, ventilation, and reproduction?

Back 68

Cold-blooded; circulation is a single loop, 2-chambered heart as a juvenile, but is a double loop, 3-chambered heart (with mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood in the third chamber) as an adult; ventilate with gills as a juvenile, but with lungs with buccal breathing as an adult; reproduce using eggs

Front 69

Are birds warm or cold-blooded? What is their method of circulation, ventilation, and reproduction?

Back 69

Warm-blooded; circulation is a double-loop, 4-chambered heart; ventilate with lungs and another air sac that can place air into hollow bones; reproduce with eggs

Front 70

Are mammals warm or cold-blooded? What is their method of circulation, ventilation, and reproduction?

Back 70

Warm-blooded; circulation is a double-loop, 4-chambered heart; ventilate with lungs; reproduce by internal development of fetus, live birth, and nursing of young

Front 71

What is a dichotomous key?

Back 71

a method of identifying an organism by answering a series of 2-choice questions

Front 72

What is the science of identifying organisms based on common ancestry?

Back 72

Cladistics

Front 73

What is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor?

Back 73

A clade

Front 74

What is a tree diagram that shows the most probable sequence of divergence in clades?

Back 74

a cladogram

Front 75

True or false: the more similar the pair of organisms, the more recent the common ancestor.

Back 75

True

Front 76

What are the two methods of determining how similar 2 species are?

Back 76

1) DNA sequence for a gene 2) Resulting amino acid sequence

Front 77

There is a ________ correlation between the number of differences between two species, and how long ago their common ancestor lived.

Back 77

Positive

Front 78

True or false: as the number of differences between two species go up, the length of time since their common ancestor goes down.

Back 78

False; as the number of differences between two species go up, the length of time since their common ancestor goes up.

Front 79

Homologous traits are evidence for a recent ______ ancestor.

Back 79

Common

Front 80

What is divergent evolution?

Back 80

One common ancestor splitting into different species

Front 81

Does divergent evolution give rise to homologous or analogous structures?

Back 81

Homologous structures

Front 82

What are analogous traits?

Back 82

Traits among several species that use different structures for the same function.

Front 83

What is an example of analogous structures?

Back 83

Birds in wings and insects

Front 84

What is convergent evolution?

Back 84

Several unrelated species from different clades evolve the same function using different structures

Front 85

Does convergent evolution give rise to homologous or analogous structures?

Back 85

Analogous structures

Front 86

Describe the reclassification of the figwort family.

Back 86

Figwort family used to contain many genera because they all looked similar due to convergent evolution of flower shape. DNA evidence has shown that many of those genera are more related to other families so they got moved or put into a new family