Ib Bio Year 1: Topic 4- Ecology

Front 1

_______ are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Back 1

Species

Front 2

True or false: Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations.

Back 2

True

Front 3

True or false: species cannot be both autotrophic and heterotrophic.

Back 3

False

Front 4

_________ are heterotrophs that feed on living (or recently dead organisms) by ingestion.

Back 4

Consumers

Front 5

____________ are heterotrophs that feed on dead organisms through internal digestion.

Back 5

Detritivores

Front 6

___________ are heterotrophs that feed on dead organisms through external digestion.

Back 6

Saprotrophs

Front 7

A _________ is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other.

Back 7

Community

Front 8

A community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the _______ environment.

Back 8

Abiotic

Front 9

True or False: Autotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment.

Back 9

True

Front 10

The supply of inorganic nutrients is maintained by nutrient _______.

Back 10

Cycling

Front 11

Ecosystems have the potential to be ___________ over long periods of time.

Back 11

Sustainable

Front 12

What is a chi-squared test?

Back 12

A statistics tool to determine if differences are large enough to be significant

Front 13

What question will the chi-squared test answer in ecology?

Back 13

Is the species distributed randomly, or does the factor significantly affect its distribution?

Front 14

What is a quadrat?

Back 14

A random sampled square of an area used to approximate the population in the entire area.

Front 15

What does the null hypothesis state?

Back 15

Any difference is just from random chance. The species are distributed independently of each other.

Front 16

What does the alternative hypothesis state?

Back 16

The difference is big enough that we are 95% sure that the species influence each other.

Front 17

How does energy enter and ecosystem?

Back 17

As sunlight

Front 18

How does energy exit an ecosystem?

Back 18

As heat

Front 19

Light energy is converted to ________ energy in carbon compounds by photosynthesis.

Back 19

Chemical

Front 20

Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of _______.

Back 20

Feeding

Front 21

Energy released from carbon compounds by ___________ is used in living organisms and converted to heat.

Back 21

Respiration

Front 22

True or False: Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy.

Back 22

True

Front 23

True or False: Energy losses between trophic levels do not restrict the length of food chains and the biomass of higher trophic levels.

Back 23

False; Energy losses between trophic levels restrict the length of food chains and the biomass of higher trophic levels.

Front 24

biomass in terrestrial ecosystems diminishes with energy along food chains due to loss of ______ _______, _____ and other waste products, such as ____.

Back 24

Carbon dioxide; water; urea

Front 25

What is the distinction between energy flow and cycling of inorganic nutrients in an ecosystem?

Back 25

There is an infinite supply of energy in the form of sunlight, however the supply of nutrients is finite and limited.

Front 26

True or False: Heterotrophs convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other carbon compounds.

Back 26

False; Autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other carbon compounds.

Front 27

In aquatic ecosystems carbon is present as dissolved carbon dioxide and _________________ ions.

Back 27

Hydrogencarbonate

Front 28

True or False: Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere or water into autotrophs.

Back 28

True

Front 29

True or False: Carbon dioxide is produced by respiration and diffuses out of organisms into water or the atmosphere.

Back 29

True

Front 30

How is methane produced?

Back 30

From organic matter in anaerobic conditions by methanogenic archaeans.

Front 31

Methane is ________ to carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere.

Back 31

Oxidized

Front 32

____ forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of acidic and/or anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils.

Back 32

Peat

Front 33

True or False: Partially decomposed organic matter from past geological eras was converted either into coal or into oil and gas that accumulate in porous rocks.

Back 33

True

Front 34

Carbon dioxide is produced by the __________ of biomass and fossilized organic matter.

Back 34

Combustion

Front 35

Animals such as reef-building ______ and ________ have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate and can become fossilized in limestone.

Back 35

Mollusks

Front 36

Over the past few decades, what has the overall trend been for carbon dioxide?

Back 36

It has increased

Front 37

Within a year, does carbon dioxide fluctuate?

Back 37

Yes; the ocean holds more CO2 when it's cold so there is less CO2 in the atmosphere in the winter.

Front 38

What is this a diagram of?

Back 38

The Carbon Cycle

Front 39

What are the most significant greenhouse gases?

Back 39

Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most significant greenhouse gases.

Front 40

What are the less significant greenhouse gases?

Back 40

Methane and Nitrogen oxides

Front 41

What factors affect a greenhouse gas' impact on the atmosphere?

Back 41

Concentration and its ability to absorb long wave radiation

Front 42

Longer wave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases that ______ the heat in the atmosphere.

Back 42

Retain

Front 43

True or False: Global temperatures and climate patterns are not influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Back 43

False; Global temperatures and climate patterns are influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Front 44

There is a correlation between rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide since the start of the __________ __________ 200 years ago and average global temperatures.

Back 44

Industrial Revolution

Front 45

True or False: Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are largely due to increases in the combustion of fossilized organic matter.

Back 45

True

Front 46

What is an example of an organism that is being threatened by increasing concentrations of Carbon Dioxide?

Back 46

Coral Reefs

Front 47

As Carbon Dioxide concentrations have increased, what else has increased?

Back 47

Global temperatures

Front 48

Are humans causing climate change?

Back 48

Yes

Front 49

What is the definition of ecology?

Back 49

The study of how organisms react with each other and their non-living environment.

Front 50

What is a population?

Back 50

One species in an area

Front 51

The transfer of energy in an ecosystem is only what percent efficient?

Back 51

10 % is transferred, 90 % is lost

Front 52

What is a trophic level?

Back 52

The feeding position of an organism in a food chain

Front 53

Why is there no such thing as quaternary consumers?

Back 53

Because that many energy transfers loses too much energy to sustain another level for a species

Front 54

What is biomass?

Back 54

The amount of living material.

Front 55

What are the three forms of carbon?

Back 55

In the air as carbon dioxide; in living organisms as organic compounds; in the water as dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogencarbonates

Front 56

What is a carbon sink?

Back 56

Any ecosystem/thing that takes carbon out of the air and stores it

Front 57

What is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet?

Back 57

Peat

Front 58

What is the formula for finding expected values?

Back 58

(row total) x (column total) / grand total

Front 59

What is the formula for calculating a chi-squared value?

Back 59

∑ (observed - expected) ^2 / expected