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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the parts that make up an embedded system? |
1. Microprocessor 2. Sensors 3. Actuators |
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What is a Microprocessor? |
> A CPU on a single IC (integrated circuit) > The brain of the system |
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What is a Sensor? |
> A device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument |
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What is an Actuator? |
> A mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system |
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What is the purpose of a computer? |
> To turn data (the raw facts and figures) into information (data that has been summarized and manipulated for use in decision making) |
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What is hardware? What is software? |
> Hardware is the machinery and equipment in the computer > Software is the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task |
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What are the basic operations of a Computer System? |
1. Input (what goes into the computer system) 2. Processing (the manipulations a computer does to transform data into information) 3. Storage (Temporary storage: memory is primary storage | Permanent storage: disks and media such as DVD's are secondary storage) 4. Output (number of pictures on screen, printouts, sounds, ect.) 5. Communications (sending and receiving data) |
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Explain the concept of a Universal Computing Device. |
> All computers, given enough time and memory, are capable of computing exactly the same things because they are programmable (like Turing's Universal Machine) |
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How do we solve a problem using a computer? |
1. Problem in our natural language >Software Design: choose algorithms and data structures 2. Algorithm: step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish | well-defined, effective computability, finiteness >Programming: use language to express design 3. Program: express the algorithm using a computer language |high-level language, low-level language >Compiling/Interpreting: convert language to machine instructions 4.Instruction Set Architecture: specifies the set of instruction the computer can perform | data types, addressing mode |
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What are the deeper levels of Computer problem solving? |
1. Instruction Set Architecture >Processor Design: choose structures to implement ISA 2. Microarchitecture: detailed organization of a processor implementation | different implementation of a single ISA >Logic/Circuit Design: gates and low-level circuits to implement components 3. Logic Circuits: combine basic operations to realize microarchitecture >Process Engineering and Fabrication: develop and manufacture lowest-level components 4. Devices: properties of materials, manufacturability |
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What are the electricity basics? |
1. Basic Electrical Circuit 2. Voltage 3. Current 4. Flow of Electricity 5. The Breadboard |
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What are the Characteristics of an Electrical Circuit? |
1. Closed Loop 2. Contains a source of electrical energy (battery) 3. Contains a load (light bulb) 4. Electrical energy flow (from + to -) 5. Described by a schematic |
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What are the characteristics of Voltage? |
> The relative level of electrical energy between any two points in the circuit > Measured in Volts (V) |
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What are the characteristics of Current? |
> The amount of electrical energy passing through any point in the circuit > Measured in Amperes or Amps (A) or (I) |
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What are the characteristics of Resistance? |
> The amount that any component in the circuit resists the flow of current > Measured in Ohms (R) |
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What are the characteristics of Electrical Power? |
> The combination of current and voltage > Measured in Watts (W) > Watts = Volts x Amps |
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What is Ohm's Law? |
> Volts = Amps x Ohms > Voltage = Current x Resistance > V = I x R |
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What is a Serial Circuit? |
> There is only one path for electrons to flow |
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What is a Parallel Circuit? |
> All components are connected between the same set of electrically common points (different paths for electricity to flow in) |
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What is a Short Circuit? |
> A circuit with no load |
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What is a diode? |
> Permit the flow of electricity in one direction, and block it in the other direction > Anode (the thicker side) is positive > Cathode (the thinner side) is negative |
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What is an LED? |
> Light-Emitting Diodes > Positive is longer (long lead) Negative is shorter (short lead, flat side, spot) |
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What is a switch? |
> Control the flow of current through a junction in a circuit |
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What is a resistor? |
> Limit the current flow in a circuit |
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What is a voltage regulator? |
> Take a range of voltage and convert it to a constant voltage > 1 connects to circuit, 2 connects to ground and 3 connects to the rest of the circuit |
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What is a potentiometer? |
> Can change resistance > Outer leads connect to circuit, middle connects to wiper which is the knob that changes the resistance |
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What is negative feedback? What is positive feedback? |
> Negative feedback: back to the initial state > Positive feedback: away from the initial state |
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What is Abstraction? |
> Programmable devices (microcontrollers) that can be used without having to completely understand the details of how they work |
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What is Modularity? |
> composing systems of reusable, mix-and match part |
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What is Transduction? |
> The conversion of one from of energy into another |
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Describe what part Input, Processing and Output play in energy flow. |
> Input: takes less energy than output > Processing: requires a computer to read the input, make decision and activate output (requires programming) > Output: often requires electrical and mechanical skills (light, sound, movement) |
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What is Digital? What is Analog? |
> Digital: limited number of states (usually 2) >> Yes, or not > Analog: continuous range of multiple states >> How much, stronger, faster, brighter |
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If something is Serial and Digital it is... |
> Easy to make |
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If something is Serial and Analog it is... |
> A bit more difficult |
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If something is Parallel and Analog it is... |
> Time consuming, but not too hard |
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If something is Parallel and Digital it is... |
> The most challenging |
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How do you calculate the resistance in a Serial Circuit? |
> Add all the resistances |
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How do you calculate the resistance in a Parallel Circuit? |
> Find the current for every individual resistor (I = V/R) > Add up the current > R = V/I > Should be smaller than all the other resistors |
