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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1964 Civil Rights Act - Title VII
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Title VII addressed discrimination in employment, which was becoming a problem due to the disproportionate results (over gender/race) from assessment devices (tests, interviews) used to make employment decisions.
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1978 Uniform Guidelines on Employment Selection Procedures
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* companies were legally mandated to demonstrate that their employment tests did not uniformly discriminate against any minority group
* addressed all devices used to make all types personnel decisions (not just paper-and pencil) |
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1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
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* designed to remedy inequities in the workplace
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Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
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* selection and classification of military personnel
* administered to 300K-400K people each year (120K-140K are selected) |
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Over the past 20 years, the primary theoretical basis of I/O psychology has shifted from ______ to _____.
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I/O psychology's focus has shifted from [BEHAVIORISM] to the [COGNITIVE FACTORS] that cause behavior.
[BEHAVIORISM] - concern with the social and environmental factors that shape behavior. [COGNITIVE FACTORS] - how individuals receive information from their environment, how they process that information, and in turn how they manifest behavior. |
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behaviorism
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* concern with the social and environmental factors that shape behavior
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cognitive factors causing behavior
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Concerns how individuals:
* receive information from their environment * process that information * manifest behavior via this information |
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cross-cultural psychology
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An area of research that examines the degree to which psychological concepts/findings GENERALIZE to people in other cultures and societies.
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Army Beta
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a nonverbal intelligence test developed during WWI by I/O psychologists to assess illiterate recruits
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Frederick Taylor
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One of the founding fathers of I/O psychology:
* believed employees and management could work in tandem * published The Principles of Scientific Management * Pig Iron example |
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Gilbreth, Frank and Lilian
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* researched time and motion in industrial production
* coined "therbligs" - elements of human motion * stated "the human being is the most important element in industry" |
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Organizational Development
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One of the six fields of I/O Psychology:
* analyze the structure of an organization to maximize satisfaction and effectiveness of individuals, work groups, and customers * facilitate organizational change/growth |
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Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management
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* science over rule of thumb
* scientific selection & training * cooperation over individualism * equal division of work |
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APA Division #
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I/O Psychology is represented by Division 14 of the APA, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP)
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scientist-practitioner model
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Educational framework for I/O psychology, which is based on:
* scientific inquiry * practical application |
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licensing law
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A law regulating BOTH:
* title of psychology * practice of psychology |
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certification law
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A law regulating:
* only the title of psychologist |
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licensure
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The process of regulating a professional practice (psychology):
* standards/requirements vary by state |
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licensure controversy
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1. Psychology licensure originally developed for health care (I/O psychologists are not health care providers).
2. Uniform national licensing exam has heavy emphasis on non-I/O areas of psychology (clinical and counseling). |
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Training and Development
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One of the six fields of I/O Psychology:
* identify skills that need to be enhanced to improve job performance * formulate, implement, and evaluate effectiveness of training programs |
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Selection and Placement
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One of the six fields of I/O Psychology:
* develop assessment methods for the selection, placement, and promotion of employees * validate test instruments (how well they predict performance) * analyze job content (how compatible jobs are with individual's skills and interests) |
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Performance Appraisal/Measurement
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One of the six fields of I/O Psychology:
* identify criteria or standards for job performance * measure utility (value) of job performance to the organization |
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6 fields of I/O psychology
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* Selection and Placement
* Training and Development * Performance Appraisal/Measurement * Organization Development * Quality of Worklife * Ergonomics |
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Quality of Worklife
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One of the six fields of I/O Psychology:
* concerned with factors that contribute to a healthy, happy, and productive workforce * redesign jobs to make them more meaningful and satisfying to employees |
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Ergonomics
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One of the six fields of I/O Psychology:
* design tools, equipments, and machines that are compatible with human skills |
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Sun Tzu recognized the need for:
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* hierarchical organization
* staff planning |
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generic management
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Socrates believed that management qualities were generic/universal.
"What makes a good chorus manager makes a good army manager." |
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W. L. Bryan
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* conducted research on professional telegraphers and their skill development in sending/receiving Morse code
* emphasized the study of "concrete activities and functions as they appear in everyday life" |
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impetus for the emergence of I/O psychology
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The merging of these two forces:
1. The pragmatic (applied interests) nature of some basic psychological research (e.g., Bryan). 2. The desire of industrial engineers to improve efficiency (e.g., Gilbreth). |
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Walter Dill Scott
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One of the founding fathers of I/O psychology, studied:
* influence of advertising * human efficiency |
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Hugo Münsterberg
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One of the founding fathers of I/O psychology, he:
* is commonly called The Father of I/O Psychology * published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency * studied trolley car operators * emphasized matching the person with work demands * emphasized positively influencing employee attitudes |
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Army Alpha
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an intelligence test developed during WWI by I/O psychologists for the selection and placement of military personnel
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WWI's role in the emergence of I/O psychology
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* WWI was a strong impetus to psychology's rise to respectability
* applied psychology emerged from WWI as a recognized discipline |
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Robert Yerkes
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* President of the APA during WWI
* pushed for psychology as a valuable resource in the war effort |
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The Psychological Corporation
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Founded by James Cattell in 1921, its purpose was to:
* advance psychology and promote its usefulness to industry * provide reference checks on prospective psychologists |
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Hawthorne effect
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A positive change in behavior that occurs at the onset of an intervention followed by a gradual decline, often to the original level of the behavior prior to intervention.
* can last from a few days to two years, depending on the situation |
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Hawthorne studies - definition
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A series of research studies that refocused the interests of I/O psychologists to how work behavior manifests itself in an organizational context.
* original study: lighting & efficiency * discovered that factors other than purely technical ones (e.g., lighting) influence productivity |
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Hawthorne studies revealed the importance of _______.
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The Hawthorne studies revealed the importance of:
* employee attitudes * an understanding or sympathetic supervisor * the need to treat works as people, not merely human capital |
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situational stress tests
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* conducted by U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
* assess soldiers' emotional and interpersonal reactions to stress and frustration using 3-person group exercises |
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Elton Mayo
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* founder of human relations movement
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human relations movement
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Founded by Elton Mayo, it emphasized...
* individual needs * informal groups * social relationships ...as the primary basis for behavior within organizations. |