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18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Alternative Hypothesis

Represents what the researcher is trying to prove




HA:




Predicting a significant difference exists b/w groups

Null Hypothesis

Represents the negation of what the researcher is trying to prove




HO:




Representing no difference b/w groups

When to use > for HA

When the question uses the words: greater, larger, increased, improved



When to use < for HA

When the question uses the words: less, decreased, smaller"

When is it a two tail-tailed test

When the word use "the same, change, different/difference"

5 Steps to Hypothesis Testing

1. State the Null and Alternate hypothesis


2. State the sample size, degree of freedom, level of significance


3. Find the critical value for the test


4. Calculate the value of the test statistic, using the sample data


5. Decide to Reject Ho or Fail to Reject Ho

Reject Ho

95% confident that the outcome measure is greater/less in the treatment group vs. control group.


Sufficient evidence

Fail to reject Ho

95% confident that there is no difference in outcome measure in the treatment group vs. control group.


No sufficient evidence

What is the significance level

Probability of making a type I error

Type I Error

A decision in favour of the alternative hypothesis when, in fact, the null hypothesis is true




Ho is true (no significant difference) we reject the Ho




Alpha, false alarm (more serious)

Type II Error

A decision to fail to reject the null hypothesis when, in fact, the null hypothesis is false




Ho is false (significant difference) we accept the Ho




Miss

Critical Value for the Test

Represent the cut off point for the test statistic




- IF value of test statistic computed from the sample data is beyond the CV, the decision will be made to reject the null (Ho) hypothesis in favour of the Ha

How to decide to Reject Ho or Fail to Reject Ho

Based on comparison of the calculated value of the test statistic and the critical value of the test, whether or not to reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative.

What is Hypothesis Testing

The process to determine whether a hypothesis is supported by the results of a research study.




Refers to the population; not the sample of M

One tailed test

Predicts the direction of the expected difference between the group (rarely used)

Two Tailed Test

Expects to find difference, but does not predict direction of the difference (more common)

p = 0.05 alpha level

Researcher is willing to accept up to a 5% risk of making a type I error

Reducing levels of significance to 1% (0.01)

Reduce risk of type I error to 1/100 times




Increase chance of making a type II error