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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the limbic lobe consist of?
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Cingulate gyrus
Parahipoocampal gyrus Septal area |
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The subiculum is a transitional zone of cortex between what structures?
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Hippocampus proper and entorhinal area
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What is the major input to the hippocampus?
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Entorhinal area
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What does the fornix connect?
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Hypothalamus to hippocampus
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What structure is often involved in Alzheimer's and epilepsy?
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Hippocampus and entorhinal area
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What lesion causes anterograde amnesia?
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Bilateral lesion to entorhinal areas or hippocampus
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What vitamin B deficiency is seen in alcoholics?
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Thiamine
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What is Korsakoff syndrome?
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Anterograde amnesia+tendency to have confabulations
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What causes Korsakoff syndrome?
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Bilateral lesion to mamillary nuclei and/or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
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What is the connections of the medial amygdala?
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Olfactory tract --> medial amygdala --> hypothalamus
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What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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Loss of fear, hypersexuality, hyperattentiveness, lack of emotions and inability to recognize fearful or angry expressions
Also visual agnosia |
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What causes Kluver Bucy syndrome?
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Bilateral lesions to amygdala
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What structure is affected in long term drug addition?
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Anterior part of cingulate gyrus
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What are the four regions of the hypothalamus?
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Preoptic
Suprachiasmatic Tuberal Mamillary |
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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It maintains a constant environment and the body's response to environment and emotional stressors
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What kind of input and output is involved with the hypothalamus?
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Neural and humoral
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Lesions to what parts of the hypothalamus results in hyperpyrexia?
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Preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area
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Where is the heat dissipation center in the hypothalamus?
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Preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area
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Where is the heat conservation center in the hypothalamus?
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Posterior hypothalamus
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What lesion causes poikilothermia?
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Lesion (ie tumor or infarct) in posterior hypothalamus
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Why do you get poikilothermia in a lesion to the posterior hypothalamus?
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Fibers from heat loss centers also travel through same region as heat conservation centers.
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How does the lipostatic theory relate to food?
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States that leptin (lipophilic peptide) travels into brain to signal fullness of body's fat stores.
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How does the glucostatic theory relate to food?
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States that absolute levels of glucose in circulation signal adequacy of fuel supplies in brain and organs
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Where are high pressure baroreceptors found?
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Aortic arch
Carotid artery |
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Where are low pressure baroreceptors found?
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Atria
Kidney |
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Through what cranial nerves do baroreceptor fibers go through?
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CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN X (vagus) |
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What do baroreceptors detect?
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Changes in plasma volume (blood pressure)
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Where are oxytocin neurons found?
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Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
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What is the role of the hypothalamus?
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Involved in endocrine, autonomic and emotional aspects of body
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What is the considered the highest center for autonomic regulation?
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Hypothalamus
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Where is the sympathetic center located in the hypothalamus?
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Posterior and lateral hypothalamus
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Where is the parasympathetic center located in the hypothalamus?
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Anterior and preoptic hypothalamus
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Neural input involved in food intake communicates fullness or energy availability?
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Fullness
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What levels of glucose and leptin stimulate the feeding center?
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Low glucose and low leptin
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What levels of glucose and leptin stimulate the satiety center?
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High glucose and high leptin
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Where is the satiety center located?
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Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus |
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Where are the salt and osmoreceptors located?
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Circumventricular organs (organum vasculosum and subfornical organ)
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What are the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary?
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Vasopressin
Oxytocin |
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What is the pathway of the osmoreceptors/salt receptors?
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OVLT/SFO-->paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
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Changes in volume is sensed by what kind of receptors?
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Juxtoglomerular apparatus
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Where is positive estrogen feedback sent to?
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Preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus
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Lesions to estrogen feedback areas will lead to what?
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Amenorrhea (women)
Decreased testosterone stimulation (men) |
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Where is negative estrogen feedback sent to?
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Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
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What pathways are involved in the release of oxytocin?
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Spinothalamic and thalamus
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What neurotransmitter usually inhibits the release of prolactin?
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Dopamine
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What are the two key functional centers of the limbic system?
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Hippocampus
Amygdala |
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What are the three parts of the hippocampus?
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Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus proper Subiculum |
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What is the function of the hippocampus?
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Consolidation of memory and learning
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What happens when there is bilateral damage to the hippocampus?
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Inability to form new memories and inability to learn
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The medial part of the amygdala nucleus receives input from what?
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Mainly olfactory
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What is the function of the amygdala?
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It is involved in associating experiences with consequences and programing the appropriate response (emotion and behavior)
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Bilateral lesions of amygdala results in what?
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Profound loss of fear
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What is the accumbens and septal nuclei involved in?
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Pleasure and reward mechanisms
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How long after oxygen loss is there risk of permanent neuronal damage?
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4 minutes
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What nucleus is involved in circadian rhythm.
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Suprachiasmatic
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