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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A Humans normal microbiota began to develop when? |
During birth |
|
The typical relationship between resident and transient microbiota is |
Antagonism |
|
This does NOT lead to a disease caused by a opportunistic pathogen |
Encounter with a dead animal |
|
(Clinical Case- typhoid fever)
How was the carrier identified |
Urine culture |
|
Clinical case How was the carrier identified |
Urine culture |
|
(Clinical case)
What was the mortality rate? |
14% |
|
(Clinical case)
What was the reservoir for the disease |
Humans |
|
(Clinical case)
How could have this epidemic been stopped |
Educate the worker about personal hygiene |
|
(Clinical case)
What are the clinical signs & symptoms of typhoid |
Fever & rose spotted rash |
|
If an individual is a carrier of an infectious disease he is also |
Asymptomatic & infective |
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Rabies is an example of zoonosis that is hard to control because |
It's reservoir contains both domestic and sylvatic animals |
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This is an example of the parental route |
A person steps on a nail |
|
Infection & disease are not the same thing because |
One can be infected without showing any s/s of the disease |
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A new drug blocks adhesions on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. What would be the likely effect of the drug |
It will prevent infection by this pathogen |
|
(Microbiology Animation)
What are leukocidins
|
Molecules capable of killing phagocytes |
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(M. Animation) The Measles virus are capable of inactivating the host defenses by |
Surpressing the immune system |
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(M. Animation) Meningitis & gonorrhea are caused by |
Neisseria species |
|
(M. Animation) How do superantigens enable pathogens to hide from the immune system |
They cause the immune system to produce an exaggerated response, distracting it from the actual pathogen |
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(M. Animation) How do capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system |
Capsules block the compliment binding sites on the surface of a pathogen |
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(M. Animation) How do capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system |
Capsules block the compliment binding sites on the surface of a pathogen |
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Why did the 19th century conclusion for the cause of influenza contradict koch's postulates |
Because some flu victims had no H. Influenzae in their lungs |
|
A patients immune system is fully responsive during what stage of a disease |
At decline |
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A patients immune system is fully responsive during what stage of a disease |
At decline |
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As an asymptomatic individual ____ can still be detected |
Leukopenia |
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In early years of microbiology, what was a major flaw in their experimental process |
They did not isolate pure cultures of the suspected agent |
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What is NOT a reason that bacteria capsules are effective in the inhibition of Phagocytosis |
They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes |
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Fecal-oral infectionsare usually a result of |
Waterborne transmission |
|
Fecal-oral infectionsare usually a result of |
Waterborne transmission |
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Ten patients contracted the same disease in the same hospital ward, what mode of transmission is most applicable |
Vehicle transmission |
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Which type of diseases have the shortest time frame |
Acute |
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Identification of the index case is important in what type of epidemiology |
Descriptive epidemiology |
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Identification of the index case is important in what type of epidemiology |
Descriptive epidemiology |
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In 100, 000 people, there are 100 new cases of syphilis in a population. What is the incident rate? |
100 per 100, 000 |
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What is the most effective way to reduce the number of health care associated infections |
Hand washing |
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Humans have species resistance to feline immunodeficiency virus because |
Humans do not have the chemical receptors that are required for attachment |
|
Why are smokers more likely to have infections with respiratory pathogens |
Because Poisons in tobacco damage ciliated columnar cells |
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What will happen if an animal who is raised in an axenic envirnment becomes exposed to a pathogen later in life |
The animal wool exhibit a poor immune response |
|
The skin and mucus membrane ate similar because |
Epithelial cells are packed closely together |
|
Tears contain the following antibacterial substance |
Lysozome |
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This is a way that antimicrobial peptides are used in the 2nd line of defense |
They serve as chemotactic factors fir leukocytes |
|
Malfunctioning goblet cells would result in |
Increased respiratory infections |
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Microbiologists have isolated a bacteria from the skin and susah to determine whether or not it's normal microbiota. What would NOT be good evidence for this |
The bacteria produces a number of virulent factors |
|
Because of the action of tears, potential pathogens will end up ____ |
In the stomach |
|
Phagocytic cells associated with the epidermis are called |
Dendritic cells |
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Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets ate formed by a process called |
Hematopoiesis |
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A differential white blood cell count shows elevated levels of eosinophils probably indicates |
Allergies |
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From the steps listed for phagcytosis, what is the 3rd step |
Fusion of vesicles with lysozomes |
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What is the Likely outcome if a microbe could prevent activation of C3 |
The microbe would be uneffected by the complement |
|
Why is the alternative pathway of complement useful in the early stages of an infection |
Because it doesn't rely on the activation by antibodies |
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What leukocyte is responsible for the immune response to helminths |
Eosinophils |
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If a microbe where capable of preventing a phagosome from fusing with a lysozome, what would occur |
The microbe could survive inside the phagosome |
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A human cell that maintains the antiviral state induced by alpha and beta interferons will die because |
It cannot make proteins |
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The events of a fever are antagonistic to ___ |
Vasodilation |
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The events of a fever are antagonistic to ___ |
Vasodilation |
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The events of a fever are antagonistic to ___ |
Vasodilation |
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(Video tour virulent factors. The next 8 questions)
Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to
|
Invade a hosts cell |
|
What type of toxin leads to the disruption of the gastrointestinal cells |
Enterotoxin |
|
A major difference between enough Endo and Exotoxin is that ENDOtoxins are |
Physically a part of the bacterial structure |
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A major difference between enough Endo and Exotoxin is that ENDOtoxins are |
Physically a part of the bacterial structure |
|
The release of lipid A may lead to __ |
Fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock |
|
The release of lipid A may lead to __ |
Fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock |
|
Bacterial capsules work by ___ |
Protecting the bacterium from engulfment |
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Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent phagocytic digestion by interfering with the fusion of ___ to the phagosome |
A lysosome |
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Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent phagocytic digestion by interfering with the fusion of ___ to the phagosome |
A lysosome |
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Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent phagocytic digestion by interfering with the fusion of ___ to the phagosome |
A lysosome |
|
A bacterium with more Virulence factors can |
They can More easily infect the host and cause disease |
|
Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots |
Blood clots can hide bacteria from the immune System |
|
Clinical case of legionella. The next 5 questions) How would you classify the abrupt jump in cases of legionellas |
As an epidemic |
|
What type of epidemiological study was performed |
An analytical study |
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What additional info would you request from those that survived workout getting the disease |
Ask their height and if the misters were on when they shopped for produce |
|
Is legionellosis contagious |
No |
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What do we call the first person in a disease out break |
The index case |
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(Microbiology Animation. Host defenses. Next 4 questions) A response uniquely directly against pertussis would involve____ |
Antibodies |
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(Microbiology Animation. Host defenses. Next 4 questions) A response uniquely directly against pertussis would involve____ |
Antibodies |
|
The first line of defense have what in common |
They are all physical barriers against invading pathogens |
|
Both the innate and adaptive defenses work to prevent ___ |
The penetration and colonization by pathogens and the disease they cause |
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If a new pathogen entered the body what is the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen |
A phagocyte |
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(Video tour. Inflammation. Next 8 questions ) Basophils, platelets and ___ are all capable of secreting histamines |
Mast cells |
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These are indicators of inflammation |
Redness, heat, edema, pain |
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Increased permeability of the vessels lead to ____ and pain |
Edema |
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The process of blood clotting leads to formation of ____ a potent mediator of inflammation |
Bradykinin |
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Histamines are released when mast cells are exposed to ___ |
C3 A & C5 A |
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Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin and histamine cause blood vessels to ___ |
Vasodilate |
|
Leukocytes have the ability to cross a blood vessel wall and into tissues. This process is called __ |
Diapedesis |
|
Acute inflammation will___ |
Develope quickly, end quickly and is typically beneficial |
|
TCR's recognize only epitopes bound to |
MHC molecules |
|
MHC |
Major histocompatibility complex |
|
MHC 1 are only on |
All nucleated cells |
|
MHC 2 is only on |
B cells and APC's antigen presenting cells |